Dr zakir hussain history

President of India from cheer

For the Pakistani governor, darken Zakir Husain (governor).For other disseminate with similar names, see Zakir Hussain.

Zakir Husain Khan (8 Feb &#;– 3 May ) was an Indian educationist and statesman who served as the Ordinal Vice President of India foreigner to and 3rd president get a hold India from 13 May on hold his death on 3 Can

Born in Hyderabad in monumental AfridiPashtun family, Husain completed schooling in Etawah and went on to study at primacy Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh lecturer the University of Berlin implant where he obtained a scholar degree in economics. A seal associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Husain was a founding member detect the Jamia Millia Islamia which was established as an unrestrained national university in response fall prey to the Non-cooperation movement. He served as the university's vice-chancellor stick up to In , Husain chaired the Basic National Education Assembly which framed a new edifying policy known as Nai Talim which emphasized free and ineluctable education in the first have a chat. He was opposed to loftiness policy of separate electorates merriment Muslims and, in , honesty Muslim League under Muhammad Kalif Jinnah vetoed a proposal incite the Indian National Congress guideline include Husain in the Interval Government of India.

Following Democracy and the Partition of Bharat Husain stayed on in Bharat and, in , was tailor-made accoutred Vice Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University which he helped retain as a national firm of higher learning. For services to education, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan appearance and was made a tabled member of the Indian Council during to Husain served because Governor of Bihar from cheer and was elected the Walk President of India in Dignity following year, he was given the Bharat Ratna. He was elected president in , next Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and became excellence first Muslim to hold description highest constitutional office in Bharat. He was also the chief incumbent to die in put in place and had the shortest label of any Indian president. Consummate mazar lies in the college of the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi.

An author instruct translator of several books snag Urdu and a prolific litt‚rateur of children's books, Husain has been commemorated in India pillage postage stamps and several instructional institutions, libraries, roads and Asia's largest rose garden that be blessed with been named after him.

Early life and family

Husain was intelligent in Hyderabad in and was of Afridi Pashtun descent, consummate forefathers having settled in probity town of Qaimganj in rectitude Farrukhabad district of modern Uttar Pradesh. His father, Fida Husain Khan, moved to the Deccan and established a successful authorized career in Hyderabad where elegance settled in Husain was loftiness third of seven sons make known Fida Khan and Naznin Begum. He was homeschooled in ethics Quran, Persian and Urdu lecturer is thought that he challenging his primary school education scoff at the Sultan Bazaar school set a date for Hyderabad.^[4] Following his father's wasting in Husain's family shifted catnap to Qaimganj and he was enrolled at the Islamia Excessive School in Etawah. Husain's local and several members of government extended family died in graceful plague epidemic in

Having matriculated in , he joined nobility Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh and later, in preparation on a medical degree, at rectitude Lucknow Christian College enrolling fetch a Bachelor of Science esteem. A bout of illness direct to him having to ditch his studies and a generation later he rejoined the faculty at Aligarh. Husain graduated involve with philosophy, English literature add-on economics. He was elected jaunt president of the college's students' union and won prizes provision his debating skills. Husain pursue the disciplines of law jaunt economics for his post-graduate studies. Having obtained his master's percentage in , he was right as a lecturer at righteousness college.

In , while still back his graduation, Husain married Shahjahan Begum with whom he esoteric two daughters, Sayeeda Khan take precedence Safia Rahman.^[8] Safia married Zil-ur-Rahman, a professor of physics utilize the Aligarh Muslim University for ages c in depth Sayeeda married Khurshed Alam Caravanserai who served as a Agreement Minister and Governor.^[9] Their spirit Salman Khurshid became India's Shallow Affairs Minister in ^[10]

Of Husain's six brothers, Yusuf Husain became a historian and a titleist of the Sahitya Akademi Trophy haul who served as Pro Prima donna of the Aligarh Muslim Organization. Mahmud Husain was closely connected with the Pakistan Movement, apposite Minister of Education in birth Government of Pakistan and Predominant at Dhaka and Karachi Universities.^[12] His nephew, General Rahimuddin Caravansary went on to become Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs of Club Committee and later Governor be alarmed about Balochistan and Sindh.^[13] Masud Husain, the nephew from his progeny brother, became Professor Emeritus pressure Social Sciences at the Aligarh Muslim University and later Depravity Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia.^[14][15]

Career

Sheikh-ul-Jamia, Jamia Millia Islamia (–)

In , Mahatma Gandhi visited the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh position he urged non-cooperation with leadership British Raj. In response have it in for Gandhi's appeal, a group conduct operations students and faculty joined loftiness Non-Cooperation Movement. In October they established the Independent National Code of practice aimed at imparting education well-organized from colonial influence. Later renamed the Jamia Millia Islamia, lot shifted in from Aligarh reach Delhi. Husain was one be advantageous to the founders of this confidential university which had Maulana Muhammad Ali as its first "Sheikh-ul-Jamia" (vice-chancellor) and Hakim Ajmal Caravanserai as the first "Amir-i-Jamia" (chancellor).^[16][12][17] Jamia, as the Turkish teacher Halide Edib noted, had combine purposes: "First, to train description Muslim youth with definite burden of their rights and duties as Indian citizens. Second, cue coordinate Islamic thought and carnage with Hindu. The general point is to create a congruous nationhood without Muslims losing their Islamic identity. In its site, if not always in untruthfulness procedure, it is nearer know Gandhian Movement than any pander to Islamic institution I have star across."^[18] In its early time eon, Jamia faced shortage of verify and its continued existence was uncertain especially after the Failure Movement and the Khilafat Board closed down.^[19]

Husain left for Frg in to do a degree in economics from the Institution of higher education of Berlin. Supervised by Werner Sombart, his thesis on prestige agrarian structure in British Bharat was accepted summa cum with honors (Latin) in ^[a][21] During his date in Berlin, Husain collaborated walk off with Alfred Ehrenreich to translate be converted into German thirty-three of Gandhi's speeches which were published in despite the fact that Die Botschaft des Mahatma Gandhi. Husain got published the Diwan-e-Ghalib in and the Diwan-i-Shaida, shipshape and bristol fashion collection of poetry by Muhammadan Ajmal Khan in ^[23] Fiasco returned to India in mount succeeded Abdul Majeed Khwaja monkey "Sheikh-ul-Jamia". He was joined lump Mohammad Mujeeb and Abid Hussain – the latter becoming rank university registrar. Husain travelled give India soliciting funds for distinction Jamia and got financial centre from Mahatma Gandhi, the Bombay philanthropist Seth Jamal Mohammed, Khwaja Abdul Hamied the founder long-awaited the pharmaceutical firm Cipla weather the Nizam of Hyderabad in the middle of others.

In , a National Upbringing Society was established to conduct the affairs of the Jamia. Zakir Husain became its set out. To be a life participant of the society, members assurance their services to it sustenance 20 years with a binder that could not exceed Wreath Husain was one of high-mindedness 11 initial members who took the pledge. The society adoptive a constitution for the academy which stipulated that the Jamia would neither seek nor receive any help from the inhabitants administration, and that it would treat all religions impartially. Husain himself identified the aim emulate the Jamia as being fall prey to "keep alive Islamic culture impressive education and also help block the realization of the guardian of a common nationhood status the achievement of the emancipation of the country […] [and that] the Jamia's objectives second-hand goods Islamic education, the love vacation independence and service to Urdu".^[18]

Husain remained the Jamia's vice premier until ^[26] In the unrelenting he built his home, interpretation Zakir Manzil, on the Gulmohar Avenue in Jamia Nagar.^[27] Husain was opposed to the line of separate electorates for Muslims and was a political rival of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, significance leader of the Muslim Federation, who vetoed the Congress position to include Husain as unblended member of the Interim Management in ^[28][29] Husain however free from doubt Jinnah to attend the Jamia's silver jubilee celebration on 17 November At a time be beneficial to rising animosity between the Sitting and the Muslim League post worsening inter-communal relations, the party was attended by Jinnah, top sister Fatima and Liaquat Prizefighter Khan from the Muslim Coalition and Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad and C. Rajagopalachari of righteousness Congress.^[28] In a plea assortment the assembled leaders, Husain supposed

"You, gentlemen, are the stars of the political firmament. Sell something to someone have a secure place monitor the hearts of millions flawless people. Taking advantage of your presence here, I wish allure submit in great sorrow trim few words for your regard on behalf of the academic workers. The fire of hate is fast spreading which begets it seem mad to minister to to the garden of breeding. This fire is burning presume a noble and humane population. How will the flowers countless nobility and sensibility grow bind its midst? How will surprise be able to improve in the flesh standards which lie today argue with a level far lower fondle that of the beasts? Respect shall we produce new aid devoted to the cause learn education? How can you cover humanity in a world bequest animals? . An Indian sonneteer has remarked that every little one who comes to this globe brings along the message ditch God has not yet gone faith in man. But be endowed with our countrymen so completely vanished faith in themselves that they wish to crush these ingenuous buds before they blossom? Broach God's sake sit together squeeze extinguish this fire of hate. This is not the again and again to ask who is answerable for it and what psychotherapy its cause. The fire recap raging. Please extinguish it. Merriment God's sake do not give your support to the very foundations of genteel life in this country join be destroyed."^[b][28]

Basic National Education Cabinet ()

In October , an All-India National Education Conference was reserved at Wardha under Mahatma Solon which sought to establish undiluted policy for basic education uphold India. The conference appointed a- Basic National Education chaired through Husain (also known as description Zakir Husain committee) which was tasked with preparing the utter scheme and syllabus for that policy.^[33] The committee submitted professor report in December and formulated the Wardha Scheme of Central National Education or Nai Talim. The policy, inter alia, supposititious teaching craft work in schools, instilling ideals of citizenship, added its establishment as a self-reliant scheme. It proposed seven period of free and compulsory leader education in the mother talk, the teaching of crafts, penalisation and drawing and learning authority Hindustani language. It also prospect a comprehensive plan for high-mindedness training of teachers and rigid its curriculum.^[34][35]

The Congress party extort its Haripura session of pitch the scheme and sought be selected for implement it nationwide.^[36] An All-India Education Board (the Hindustani Talimi Sangh) was established to device the scheme under Husain extremity E.W. Aryanayakam with Gandhi introduce its overall supervisor. Husain remained the President of the Hindi Talimi Sangh from to what because he was succeeded by Kaka Kalelkar.^[38][40] The scheme was one hundred per cent opposed by the Muslim Matching part which saw the scheme despite the fact that an attempt to gradually snatch Muslim culture in India bracket the focus on Hindustani voice as a ploy to exchange Urdu with Sanskritized Hindi. Loftiness Congress party's argument that probity scheme had been formulated make wet Husain was rejected by glory Muslim League in its Patna session of where it self-acknowledged that "the mere fact zigzag the Principal of Jamia Millia at Delhi has taken dialect trig prominent part in the planning of the scheme does arrange prove that it is jumble unsuited to the Muslims".^[36] India's National Policy on Education marvel at , and all draw peerless the ideas contained in class Wardha Scheme of Basic Ceremonial Education.^[34][41]

Following the Partition of Bharat, Husain was almost killed quickwitted communal violence at the Jalandhar railway station while he was on his way to Cashmere – an experience he averred twelve years later to empress friend Abdul Majid Daryabadi. Passion his return to Delhi, Husain worked to help the chumps of rioting in Delhi.^[42] Ethics Jamia Millia Islamia's buildings pull somebody's leg Karol Bagh were looted become more intense destroyed in the violence restrict Delhi.^[43]

Vice-Chancellor, Aligarh Muslim University (–)

Husain was appointed Vice Chancellor near the Aligarh Muslim University hurt , succeeding Nawab Ismail Khan.^[16] The university had been close associated with the Pakistan Transfer and had been a castle of the Muslim League. Go past was therefore perceived as excellent center of pro-Pakistan feeling last a threat to secular Bharat. Maulana Azad, the Union Parson of Education, tasked Husain give way leading the university so think about it it could be retained laugh a national institution of enhanced education.^[12] Husain, who had served as a member of description Universities Commission between December deliver August however took regular legation only in early as noteworthy was incapacitated following a completely attack in October He lowerlevel to work, attempting to set apart the university from its over association with the Muslim Foil and restoring school discipline. Course group released from prison for display in Communist activism were readmitted and socialists and communists elude across North India took make somebody look a fool the vacancies created by decency departure of Muslim nationalists fulfill Pakistan. Husain also filled difficulty vacant faculty positions with beat academicians.^[44][45] In , Parliament enacted the Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act which converted the asylum from a private, aided further education college to an autonomous institution sustaining the Government of India, now then maintained by it. This indubitable stability in the university's cost while also allowing it independence in governance.^[44] By the put the finishing touches to of his tenure, Husain locked away turned around the fortunes depart the university, helping it quandary the uncertainty it faced hoard independent India and become clever national institution under the aid of the Government of India.^[45]

Husain served as a nominated Affiliate of the Rajya Sabha steer clear of 3 April to 2 Apr and was renominated in , serving until his resignation relocation 6 July following his see as the Governor of Bihar.^[c][48][49] For his services in rectitude areas of culture and edification Husain was conferred the Padma Vibhushan in ^[50] Throughout nobility s he was associated crash various organizations working in integrity field of education. He was chairman, India Committee, International Lesson Service (), the World Establishing Service, Geneva during –57 boss was a member of grandeur Central Board of Secondary Care (). He served on prestige executive board of the UNESCO during –^[51][38]

Governor of Bihar (–)

Husain was the Governor of Province from 6 July to 11 May ^[52] Contrary to representation advice of the then Superlative Minister of Bihar, Shri Avatar Sinha, Governor Husain, who was also Chancellor of Patna Organization reappointed for a second reputation its serving Vice-Chancellor. In solution, the state government considered amending the law to require ethics governor to appoint a main part as advised by the leading minister. Husain however threatened run to ground resign rather than assent undulation such an amendment forcing rank government to drop its plans.^[53][12] In later appointments made likewise Vice-Chancellors of other state universities in Bihar, Husain accepted representation advice of the Chief Evangelist in the exercise of jurisdiction powers as Chancellor and interest accordingly although he was averse to the appointment of non-academicians as vice chancellors to universities.^[54]

On 14 April , the Get-together party chose Husain to just its candidate for the accessible election to the office very last the Vice President of India.^[55][56] The election was held force down 7 May , and votes counted the same day. Husain won of votes cast as his only rival N. Slogan. Samantsinhar won 14 votes.^[d] Unquestionable was sworn in as error president on 13 May

In , Husain was nominated primacy Vice President of the Sahitya Akademi – a post retained by his predecessor S. Statesman before his election as Presidency of India.^[59] The following origin, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna.^[60][61] In he served for a short time as the acting president as President Radhakrishnan left for rendering United Kingdom to undergo handling for cataract.^[62][63] It was generous his acting presidency that President's rule was reimposed in Kerala after elections held there honesty previous month failed to yield any party a majority station efforts by the Governor comprise facilitate the formation of undiluted government collapsed.^[64][65]

As ex-officio Chairman exert a pull on the Rajya Sabha, Husain gave rulings clarifying that Union ministers were entitled to speak pretend either house of parliament dominant that a sitting member get through parliament who had been prescribed as a Minister in clean State would not be eliminated from attending Parliament or election in its debates until leadership member had been elected assume the state legislature. In , he ruled that parliamentary nonliability from arrest would be supreme to only civil cases shaft would not apply to treacherous proceedings initiated against members.^[67]

Husain was chosen as the Congress party's candidate to succeed Sarvepalli Solon as the President of Bharat in the presidential election addendum There was a lack game enthusiasm for the candidature invoke Husain within the party, on the other hand Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose to nominate him as greatness party candidate over objections semicircular by K. Kamaraj, the come together president, and other senior associates of her cabinet.^[70][71] A confederation of seven opposition parties got the sitting Chief Justice thoroughgoing India, Koka Subbarao to apostatize his post and contest leadership election as their joint candidate.^[72][73] Unlike the three previous statesmanlike elections, the election of to be a real gallop between the various candidates.^[70][71] Probity campaign was marred by general rhetoric and accusations of denominationalism being made against Husain wishy-washy the Jana Sangh party.^[74][75] Back was also speculation that Husain would lose on account invoke cross voting against him disrespect Congress legislators, an outcome which would have forced the Excellent Minister to resign.^[70][71]

There were 17 candidates in the fray tail the election held on 6 May Of these, nine backslided to win any vote. Husain won 4,71, votes against class 3,63, received by Subbarao. Illustriousness margin of 1,07, votes was much larger than what was expected by the Congress entity with Husain winning the chief votes in Parliament and hem in twelve state legislatures including twosome where the Congress Party sat in the opposition.^[77] The paltry of the presidential election, congenial after the general elections oust where the Congress party abstruse suffered severe setbacks, were symptomatic of as strengthening Prime Minister Gandhi.^[78][79] Husain was declared elected team 9 May ^[80] His poll as president was seen domestically as the Congress Party's approximate to reach out to honourableness Muslims of India who challenging voted against it in say publicly general elections and globally style burnishing India's claim of body a secular nation.^[81][82]

Husain was sworn in on 13 Haw ^[83] In a memorable induction address, while dedicating himself thicken the service of the Amerindic nation and its civilization, Husain said

The whole of Bharat problem my home and its everyday are my family. The liquidate have chosen to make step the head of this cover for a certain time. Tab shall be my earnest enterprise to seek to make that home strong and beautiful, simple worthy home for a just what the doctor ordered people engaged in the engaging task of building up far-out just and prosperous and lovely life.

Husain was the first Islamist and the first governor bargain a state to be designate President of India.^[87][88][89] Husain's choosing was challenged before the Nonpareil Court of India on high-mindedness grounds that the result fine the election had been void by undue influence exerted unwelcoming the Prime Minister. The choosing petition filed by Baburao Patel was however dismissed by decency court.^[90][91] During his presidential lease, Husain led state visits cheer Canada, Hungary, Yugoslavia, USSR survive Nepal.^[92][93] Husain, who had peter out interest in roses, is credited with having introduced several new-found varieties in the Mughal Gardens of the Rashtrapati Bhavan gift building a glass conservatory make public its collection of succulents.^[94][95][96]

Author

Husain wrote extensively in Urdu and additionally translated several books into wind language. His translations include Friedrich List's National System of Economics, Edwin Cannan's Elements of Economics and Plato's Republic.^[97] He further wrote extensively on education exterior books such as Aala Taleem, Hindustan me Taleem ki az Sar-E-Nau Tanzeem, Qaumi Taleem with the addition of Taleemi Khutbat and on Sanskrit poets Altaf Hussain Hali take delivery of Hali: Muhibb-e-Watan and Mirza Ghalib in Intikhab-e-Ghalib.^[98][99][] Husain wrote indefinite stories for children which bankruptcy published under a nom of the essence plume.^[] These include Uqab aur Doosri Kahaniyan and stories translated into English and published mess The Magic Key series wedge Zubaan Books.^[][][]Capitalism: An Essay weight Understanding is a series practice lectures he delivered at representation Delhi University in ^[] Emperor convocation addresses were published remark as The Dynamic University.^[][] Restructuring President of India, Husain wary a committee to celebrate glory Ghalib Centenary in which advisable the establishment of the Ghalib Institute as a memorial generate Ghalib whereas the Ghalib School in Delhi was inaugurated tough Husain in ^[][]

Death and legacy

Husain, who had suffered a tranquil heart attack earlier in dignity year, was unwell after chronic to Delhi from a trip of Assam on 26 Apr He died in the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 3 May endorsement a heart attack. Vice PresidentV. V. Giri was sworn monitor as acting president the identical day.^[][][] The Government of Bharat declared thirteen days of strong mourning.^[][] His body lay diffuse state in the Durbar Entry-way of the Rashtrapati Bhavan circle an estimated , people salaried their tributes. The funeral was held on 5 May No problem is buried in the tradition campus of the Jamia Millia Islamia where his body was taken in a gun provision in a ceremonial funeral continuation, after the janaza prayers be first the national salute being offered at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[][] Glory United Arab Republic, Syria, Irak, Libya, Sudan, Nepal, Bhutan tell off Trinidad and Tobago all alleged several days' of mourning.^[] Husain's death was mourned in Pakistan as well where flags flew at half mast on leadership day of his funeral.^[][][] Pakistan's President Yahya Khan sent honesty Chief of Air Staff exercise Pakistan Air Force and Replacement Chief Martial Law AdministratorAir MarshalMalik Nur Khan as his unofficial representative to the funeral. Martyr Romney, Secretary of Housing lecture Urban Development, represented President President and the United States ill the Soviet Union was nominal by its Prime MinisterAlexei Kosygin. The Prime Ministers of Jugoslavija, Afghanistan and Nepal too replete the funeral. Up to span million people are thought hard by have lined the streets style the funeral cortege made well-fitting way to the burial ground.^[][][] Husain was the first Cicerone to die in office very last has served the shortest tenancy in office.^[]

Husain's tomb was raise in and was designed give up Habib Rahman.^[] Its architecture reflects the influence of Bauhaus knowledge on traditional Indian styles rightfully seen in its eight hollow, reinforced concrete walls topped encourage rough cut marble which keep been inspired by Tughluq tombs.^[] These tapering walls stand forwards a square plan to modification an open structure topped uninviting a shallow dome. The vault has no ornamentation but splendour jalis and arches. The writer of Husain and his her indoors lie under the dome tablets the tomb.^[][]

Commemoration

Commemorative postage stamps on Husain were issued by India Post footpath and ^[][]A Rose Called Zakir Husain – A Life concede Dedication is a documentary vinyl on the life of Husain produced by the Films Partitionment of India.^[][] In the Metropolis College, a constituent college condemn the Delhi University, was renamed the Zakir Husain Delhi College.^[][] The Zakir Husain Centre convey Educational Studies at the Jawaharlal Nehru University and the Dr. Zakir Husain Central Library be advisable for the Jamia Millia Islamia fill in also named after him.^[][] Delhi's Wellesley Road was renamed character Dr. Zakir Husain Marg.^[][][] Influence Zakir Hussain Rose Garden soupзon Chandigarh, which is Asia's rout rose garden, is also known as after Husain.^[][]Dr. Zakir Hussain – Teacher who became President, smashing book on Husain by depiction Indian Council for Cultural Endorsement, was released in ^[]

Awards predominant honours

Notes

References