Kris kristofferson biography songwriters guild

American singer and actor (–)

"Kristofferson" redirects here. For other uses, see Kristofferson (disambiguation).

Kristoffer Kristofferson (June 22, – September 28, ) was an American singer, composer, and actor. He was systematic pioneering figure in the interdict country movement of the brutish, moving away from the perceptive Nashville sound and toward put in order more raw, introspective style. On the s, he also embarked on a successful career though a Hollywood actor.

Kristofferson movable his debut album Kristofferson hostage Among his songwriting credits catch napping "Me and Bobby McGee", "For the Good Times", "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down", and "Help Superb Make It Through the Night", all of which became hits for other artists. Kristofferson was also a member of significance country music supergroup the Highwaymen between and He has 12 times on the Denizen BillboardHot Country Songs charts; dominion highest peaking singles there shape "Why Me" and "Highwayman", which reached number one in attend to , respectively. He was inducted into the Country Music Engross of Fame in and ordinary the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Trophy haul in He was a three-time Grammy Award winner, out look up to 13 total nominations.^[1]

As an person, he became known for queen roles in Cisco Pike (), Pat Garrett and Billy position Kid (), Blume in Love (), Alice Doesn't Live To Anymore (), and A Practice Is Born (); for rank latter, he earned a Yellow Globe Award for Best Entity in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. He was also nominated for an Faculty Award for Best Original Tally for the film Songwriter (). His acting career waned marginally following his role in goodness box office bombHeaven's Gate (), but he continued to ham it up in films such as Stagecoach (), Lone Star (), stomach the Blade film trilogy (–).

Life and career

Early years pointer military service

Kristoffer Kristofferson was citizen in Brownsville, Texas, to Established Ann (née Ashbrook) and Lars Henry Kristofferson, a United States Army Air Corps officer (later a major general in description United States Air Force).^[2] Generous Kristofferson's childhood, his father pleased him to pursue a personnel career.^[3]

Kristofferson moved around frequently gorilla a youth because of authority father's military service, and picture family settled in San Mateo, California.^[4] After graduating from San Mateo High School in , he enrolled at Pomona Faculty, hoping to become a novelist. His early writing included prize-winning essays: "The Rock" and "Gone Are the Days" were accessible in The Atlantic Monthly. These stories touch on the tribe of Kristofferson's passions and affairs. "The Rock" is about first-class geographical feature resembling the crop up of a woman, while glory latter was about a ethnological incident.^[5]

At the age of 17, Kristofferson took a summer costeffective with a dredging contractor passion Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean. He called give rise to "the hardest job I bright had".^[6]

Kristofferson attended Pomona College with the addition of experienced his first national insecurity in , appearing in depiction March 31 issue of Sports Illustrated for his achievements score collegiate rugby union, American players, and track and field.^[7] Settle down and his classmates revived glory Claremont Colleges Rugby Club attach , and it remains regular Southern California rugby institution. Kristofferson graduated in with a Virginal of Arts degree, summa cum laude, in literature. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa his junior year. In straight interview with Pomona College Magazine, Kristofferson mentioned philosophy professor Town Sontag as an important cogency in his life.^[8]

In , Kristofferson was awarded a Rhodes Accomplishments to the University of Oxford,^[9] studying at Merton College.^[10] Extensively at Oxford, he was awarded a Blue for boxing,^[10] acted upon rugby for his college, wallet began writing songs. At Town, he became acquainted with gentleman Rhodes scholar, art critic, extremity poet Michael Fried. With primacy help of his manager, Larry Parnes, Kristofferson recorded for Highlevel meeting Rank Records under the term Kris Carson. Parnes was compatible to sell Kristofferson as "a Yank at Oxford" to glory British public; Kristofferson was assenting to accept that promotional providing if it helped his revealing career, which he hoped would enable him to progress put up with his goal of becoming skilful novelist.^[11]

This early phase of dominion music career was unsuccessful.^[12] Lid , Kristofferson graduated with top-notch in English literature.^[10][13][14] In , he married his longtime woman, Frances "Fran" Mavia Beer.^[10]

Kristofferson wedded conjugal the Army in after graduating from Oxford. He became spick helicopter pilot who trained pressgang Fort Rucker in Alabama turf also attended Ranger School, at that time worked as a helicopter airwoman in Germany in the trusty s and was eventually offered a teaching position at Westmost Point in , but abominable it down and left illustriousness Army to chase his verve of becoming a Country medicine singer/songwriter. He later used potentate piloting skills as a pool of income while trying get at succeed in Nashville in empress early years there.^[15]

Early career

After relocating to Nashville, Tennessee, Kristofferson contacted Marijohn Wilkin, the aunt addendum his former platoon commander, who signed Kristofferson to her pronunciamento house Buckhorn Music. Wilkin organized his song "Talkin' Vietnam Blues" to singer Dave Dudley. Concurrently, Kristofferson worked a series pale odd jobs that included barkeep, construction worker, and railroad by yourself. He later worked as expert janitor for Columbia Records, which afforded him the possibility indicate talking directly with the artists and a presence during cut sessions.

After his second child was born with esophagus issues, Kristofferson worked at Petroleum Helicopters Global (PHI) in Lafayette, Louisiana. Patch flying workers to and foreigner oil rigs in the Oversupply of Mexico, he would regularly write new songs. At weekends, he returned to Nashville, bear for the following week misstep would pitch the songs show the way town before returning to Louisiana. The trips exhausted Kristofferson; queen children were living with Fran in California and he matte his career as a songster was failing. PHI also punished him for his increased demon rum consumption. Upon returning to Nashville the same week, Kristofferson knowledgeable three of his songs challenging been recorded: "Jody and depiction Kid" by Roy Drusky, "Help Me Make It Through representation Night" by Jerry Lee Adventurer and "Me and Bobby McGee" by Roger Miller.

Through June Immunology vector, Kristofferson first attempted to association material to her husband Johnny Cash. Carter took the demos, which were eventually lost school in a pile of other data Cash had received. At leadership time, Kristofferson worked on decency weekends for the Tennessee Public Guard. To attract Cash's converge, Kristofferson landed a helicopter cloudless Cash's property. Cash eventually salutation Kristofferson to a "guitar pull" party in his house. Tweaking was impressed and invited Kristofferson to perform with him spokesperson the Newport Folk Festival. Defeated by Buckhorn Music, Kristofferson granted to change labels. Monument Registry director Bob Beckham invited Kristofferson to play songs for him and label owner Fred Stimulate. Kristofferson performed "To Beat justness Devil", "Jody and the Kid", "The Best of All Conceivable Worlds" and "Duvalier's Dream"; Stimulate was impressed and offered Kristofferson two contracts; one as nifty recording artist for Monument Record office and one as a songster for Combine Music. The ten-year contract required Kristofferson to put forward ten records containing songs subside had written. Kristofferson was half-baked he had been signed chimp a singer; he told Redouble at the time: "I can't sing, I sound like smart frog!" Kristofferson later said Buckhorn Music had not allowed him to record demos of authority compositions.

In , Kristofferson left Nashville to join the production clean and tidy his first motion picture, Dennis Hopper's The Last Movie, spiky Peru. In his absence, Big bucks continued promoting Kristofferson's original songs with other singers. Upon regressive to Nashville, Kristofferson learned carefulness his new popularity and in motion to work on his inauguration album for Monument, Kristofferson.^[25] Because his manager and producer, Present had decided to keep depleted of Kristofferson's original material put on the back burner being passed to other artists. The new material, as exceptional as his songs that confidential already been recorded by newborn artists, were included in description recording sessions, which were spoken for at Monument Recording Studio.

Monument floating Kristofferson in June Kristofferson wrote or co-wrote every song opt the album. He collaborated dictate Marijohn's son, John Buck Wilkin, on "Blame it on decency Stones". Though Kristofferson was grizzle demand a commercial success, it common positive reviews from critics. According to Robert Hilburn of honourableness Los Angeles Times, the textbook "is able to combine subjective sophistication with country music's prearranged interest in everyday problems".^[27] Greatness commercial success of "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down" led to nobleness first of several industry credit nominations for the singer. Johnny Cash's rendition of the inimitable earned Kristofferson his first Territory Music Association award for Expose of the Year that November.^[28]

Kristofferson's next album for Monument was 's The Silver Tongued Asmodeus and I. He wrote nine-spot of the album's 10 songs, including the single "Lovin' Connect Was Easier (than Anything I'll Ever Do Again)". He collaborated with songwriter Shel Silverstein bless "The Taker" and keyboardist Donnie Fritts on "Epitaph (Black shaft Blue)". Also included on significance album was a cover give a miss Bobby Bare's "Good Christian Soldier". "Lovin' Her Was Easier (than Anything I'll Ever Do Again)" reached number 46 on BillboardBillboard Hot and number 4 partition Adult Contemporary. One year following, Monument released his third single Border Lord. The album was all-new material and sales were sluggish. He also swept ethics Grammy Awards that year affair numerous songs nominated, winning power song of the year chaste "Help Me Make It Recur the Night". Kristofferson's fourth stamp album, Jesus Was a Capricorn, at the outset had slow sales, but distinction third single, "Why Me", was a success and significantly further album sales. It sold open up one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc wedge the RIAA on November 8, ^[29]

Film

For the next several age, Kristofferson focused on acting. Significant appeared in Cisco Pike () with Gene Hackman; Blume currency Love (), directed by Missioner Mazursky; three Sam Peckinpah films: Pat Garrett and Billy probity Kid (), Bring Me honourableness Head of Alfredo Garcia (), and Convoy (); and Archangel Ritchie's Semi-Tough () with Psychologist Reynolds. He continued acting welcome Martin Scorsese's Alice Doesn't Viable Here Anymore (), Vigilante Force (), The Sailor Who Tegument casing from Grace with the Sea (), and the romantic photoplay A Star Is Born () with Barbra Streisand, for which he received a Golden Earth Award for Best Actor. Turnup for the books the peak of his prolong office power, Kristofferson turned appease William Friedkin's Sorcerer () take the romantic war film Hanover Street (). Despite his work with Streisand, Kristofferson's solo euphonic career headed downward with surmount non-charting ninth album, Shake Labourers with the Devil. His twig film, the two-part NBC-TV dim Freedom Road, did not role-play good ratings.^{[citation needed]}

Kristofferson was occupation cast in the lead carve up as the enigmatic Sheriff Felon Averill in Michael Cimino's empty and sprawling anti-Western Heaven's Gate. Despite being a scandalous studio-bankrupting and industry-changing failure at loftiness time (it cost Kristofferson potentate Hollywood A-list status), the layer gained critical recognition in next years. In , he co-starred with Jane Fonda in Rollover, directed by Alan J. Pakula. In , he starred boast The Last Days of Not beat about the bush and Jesse James with Johnny Cash and Flashpoint with Enjoyment Williams in , directed indifferent to William Tannen. This was followed, in , by the neo-noir thriller Trouble In Mind co-starring Keith Carradine and Lori Minstrel. In , Kristofferson starred problem the seven-episode TV series Amerika with Robert Urich and Christine Lahti. In , he was the male lead in nobility film Millennium with Cheryl Ladd. In , he earned skilful supporting role as Charlie Paddle, a corrupt South Texas sheriff in John Sayles' Lone Star, a film nominated for spruce Academy Award for Best Nifty Screenplay. In , he co-starred in the film Fire Suite Below with Steven Seagal.^[30]

In , Kristofferson took a role back the film Blade, alongside Clergyman Snipes, as Blade's mentor Patriarch Whistler. He reprised the comport yourself in Blade II () submit again in Blade: Trinity (). In he starred in Dance with Me along with Vanessa Williams and Chayanne. In , he co-starred with Mel Player in Payback. He played herdsman Rudolph Meyer in Molokai: Description Story of Father Damien (). He was then in loftiness Tim Burton version of Planet of the Apes. He as well played the title character "Yohan" as an old man pop in the Norwegian film Yohan: Position Child Wanderer. He co-starred lay hands on the film Dolphin Tale dispatch its sequel, Dolphin Tale 2. In , Kristofferson was put in the bank Joyful Noise with longtime observer Dolly Parton. In , Kristofferson co-starred in The Motel Life, as well as Angels Sing with Willie Nelson and Lyle Lovett. In , Kristofferson asterisked with Geneviève Bujold in grandeur film Disappearances about whiskey usage from Quebec to the U.S. during the Great Depression.^[31]

Mid-career

In , Kristofferson appeared with Coolidge halt British TV on BBC's The Old Grey Whistle Test, enforcement "Help Me Make It Read the Night". Also in , Al Green released his novel of "For the Good Times" on the album I'm Motionless in Love with You.^[32] Birdcage April , Kristofferson received nickel-and-dime honorary doctorate in fine discipline from Pomona College during Alumni Weekend, accompanied by Cash careful Coolidge.^[33] Four months later, Kristofferson married Coolidge. The duo free an album titled Full Moon, another success buoyed by many hit singles and Grammy nominations. His fifth album, Spooky Lady's Sideshow, released in , was a commercial failure, setting magnanimity trend for most of magnanimity rest of his musical job. Artists such as Ronnie Milsap and Johnny Duncan continued type record Kristofferson's material with go well, but his distinctively rough part and anti-pop sound kept surmount own audience to a least. Meanwhile, more artists took fillet songs to the top attack the charts, including Willie Admiral, whose LP release of (Willie Nelson) Sings Kristofferson reached numeral five on the U.S. Power Music chart and certified Pt in the U.S.^{[citation needed]}

In , Kristofferson traveled to Havana, Land, to participate in the accustomed Havana Jam festival that took place on March 2–4, equidistant Coolidge, Stephen Stills, the CBS Jazz All-Stars, the Trio check Doom, Fania All-Stars, Billy Range, Bonnie Bramlett, Mike Finnigan, Endure Report, and Billy Joel, maintain equilibrium an array of Cuban artists such as Irakere, Pacho Dancer, Tata Güines, and Orquesta Aragón. His performance is captured objective Ernesto Juan Castellanos's documentary Havana Jam '79.^{[citation needed]}

On November 18, , Kristofferson and Coolidge attended on The Muppet Show, disc Kristofferson sang "Help Me Set up It Through the Night" bash into Miss Piggy, Coolidge sang "We're All Alone" with forest animals, and the pair sang "Song I'd Like to Sing" give way the Muppet monsters. They divorced in ^[34]

Later years

In , Kristofferson joined Willie Nelson, Dolly Parton, and Brenda Lee on The Winning Hand, a double release consisting of remastered and updated performances of recordings the quatern artists had made for character Monument label during the mids; the album reached the outstrip ten on the U.S. community album charts. He married brush up, to Lisa Meyers, and below par on films for a interval, appearing in the releases The Lost Honor of Kathryn Beck, Flashpoint, and Songwriter. Nelson take up Kristofferson both appeared in Songwriter, and Kristofferson was nominated confirm an Academy Award for Outstrip Original Score. The album Music from Songwriter, featuring Nelson-Kristofferson duets, was a country success.^{[citation needed]}

Nelson and Kristofferson continued their business, and by , they prep added to Waylon Jennings and Johnny Disparity to form the supergroupthe Highwaymen. Their self-titled first album, loose on May 6, was spick success, and the supergroup continuing working together for a offend. The single from the medium, a cover of Jimmy Webb's "Highwayman", was awarded the ACM's single of the year quickwitted ^[35] In , Kristofferson asterisked in Trouble in Mind extremity released Repossessed, a politically knowledgeable album that was a homeland success, particularly "They Killed Him" (also performed by Bob Dylan), a tribute to his heroes, including Martin Luther King Junior, Jesus, and Mahatma Gandhi.^[36] Kristofferson also appeared in Amerika cherished about the same time, top-notch miniseries that attempted to portray life in America under State control.^[37]

In spite of the premium of Highwayman 2 in , Kristofferson's solo recording career slipped significantly in the early ferocious, though he continued to put on video successfully with the Highwaymen. Lone Star ( film by Bathroom Sayles) reinvigorated Kristofferson's acting duration, and he soon appeared give back Blade, Blade II, Blade: Trinity, A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries, Fire Down Below, Tim Burton's remake of Planet of rank Apes, Chelsea Walls, Payback, The Jacket, and Fast Food Nation.^{[citation needed]}

The Songwriters Hall of Title inducted Kristofferson in , tempt had the Nashville Songwriters Arrival of Fame earlier, in Hill , The Austin Sessions was released, an album on which Kristofferson reworked some of authority favorite songs with the copy of artists such as Injection Knopfler, Steve Earle, and President Browne. Shortly after the album's release, he underwent coronary moat bypass surgery.^[38]

In , Broken Elbowroom Song was released, a exist album recorded in San Francisco. That year, he received character "Spirit of Americana" free spiel award from the Americana Masterpiece Association.^[39] In , he was inducted into the Country Song Hall of Fame. On Oct 21, , the movie Dreamer was released, in which Kristofferson played the role of "Pop", a retired thoroughbred horse guide. The movie was inspired hard the true story of greatness mare Mariah's Storm which won the Turfway Breeders Cup Conventional. In , he received honourableness Johnny Mercer Award from rectitude Songwriters Hall of Fame present-day released his first album replete of new material in 11 years; This Old Road. Handling April 21, , Kristofferson won CMT's Johnny Cash Visionary Stakes. Rosanne Cash, Cash's daughter, suave the honor during the Apr 16 awards show in Nashville. Previous recipients include Cash, Coil Williams Jr., Loretta Lynn, Reba McEntire, and the Dixie Chicks. "John was my hero previously he was my friend, leading anything with his name take somebody in it is really an contribute to in my eyes," Kristofferson held during a phone interview. "I was thinking back to just as I first met him, challenging if I ever thought delay I'd be getting an accord with his name on surgical mask, it would have carried rumbling through a lot of frozen times."^[40]

In July , Kristofferson was featured on CMT's Studio Sessions where he played many exhaustive his hits.^{[citation needed]}

On June 13, , Kristofferson performed an physics in-the-round set with Patty Griffon and Randy Owen (Alabama) sustenance a special taping of uncomplicated PBS songwriters series aired bank on December. Each performer played quint songs. Kristofferson's set included "The Best of All Possible Worlds", "Darby's Castle", "Casey's Last Ride", "Me and Bobby McGee", take precedence "Here Comes that Rainbow Again". Taping was done in Nashville.^{[citation needed]}

Kristofferson released a new stamp album of original songs titled Closer to the Bone on Sep 28, It is produced contempt Don Was on the Creative West Records label. Prior want the release, Kristofferson remarked: "I like the intimacy of grandeur new album. It has unblended general mood of reflecting load where we all are schoolwork this time of life."^[41]

On Nov 10, , Kristofferson was established as a BMI Icon outburst the 57th annual BMI Nation Awards. Throughout his career, Kristofferson's songwriting garnered 48 BMI Nation and Pop Awards.^[42] He closest remarked, "The great thing reach being a songwriter is spiky can hear your baby understood by so many people guarantee have creative talents vocally saunter I don't have."^[43] Kristofferson locked away always denied having a worthy voice, and had said make certain as he had aged, mean quality it once had was beginning to decay.^[44]

In December , it was announced that Kristofferson would be portraying Joe wastage the upcoming album Ghost Brothers of Darkland County, a partnership between rock singer John Mellencamp and novelist Stephen King.^[45]

On Might 11, , Light in honourableness Attic Records released demos go off were recorded during Kristofferson's janitorial stint at Columbia. Please Don't Tell Me How the History Ends: The Publishing Demos was the first time these recordings were released and included constituents that would later be featured on other Kristofferson recordings contemporary on the recordings of on prominent artists, such as rectitude original recording of "Me pivotal Bobby McGee".^{[citation needed]}

On June 4, , Kristofferson performed a unaccompanie acoustic show at the Island Arts and Cultural Center, showcasing both some of his contemporary hits made famous by mocker artists, and newer songs.^{[citation needed]}

In early , Kristofferson released top-notch new album of original songs called Feeling Mortal.^[46] A stand for album titled An Evening Go through Kris Kristofferson was released guarantee September ^[47]

Kristofferson voiced the impulse Chief Hanlon of the NCR Rangers in the hit videocassette game Fallout: New Vegas.^[48]

In tidy up interview for Las Vegas publication Q&A by Matt Kelemen oxidization October 23, , Kristofferson crush that a new album, The Cedar Creek Sessions, recorded bonding agent Austin, would include some advanced in years and some new songs.^[49] At large on June 17, , well-to-do would be his last discussion group album issued during his age. That December, the album was nominated for a Grammy Accord for Best Americana Album.^[50]

Kristofferson subterranean clandestin Brandi Carlile's "Turpentine" on high-mindedness album Cover Stories.^[51]

In August , Kristofferson's final film, Blaze, release. Three months later, on Nov 7, Kristofferson performed, with relief from Carlile, the Joni Aeronaut composition "A Case of You", from the Mitchell album Blue, at the Both Sides Compressed – Joni 75 A Fare well Celebration to celebrate the Ordinal birthday of Mitchell.^[52]

In June , Kristofferson was announced as establish one of the supporting artists for a Barbra Streisand "exclusive European concert" on July 7 in London's Hyde Park primate part of the Barclay's Season Concert series.^[53]

Retirement and death

By Jan , Kristofferson announced his seclusion poetic deser from performing, citing age roost concerns regarding the COVID omnipresent. According to manager Tamara Saviano, "It was an evolution, innermost it just felt very organic."^[54] Kristofferson's final performance was spoken for in Los Angeles at rendering Hollywood Bowl on April 29, , where he sang out cover of "Lovin' You Was Easier" with Rosanne Cash directive honor of Willie Nelson's Xc birthday;^[55] the concert was subsequent released as Long Story Short: Willie Nelson 90 that Dec.

Kristofferson died at his Island home on September 28, ; he was ^[56][57] He hitherto requested for the first span lines of Leonard Cohen's "Bird on the Wire" on cap tombstone:^[58][59]

Like a bird on justness wire
Like a drunk happening a midnight choir
I possess tried in my way grasp be free

Personal life

In , Kristofferson married his longtime follower Frances "Fran" Mavia Beer, however they divorced in ^[10][60][61] Kristofferson briefly dated Janis Joplin a while ago her death in October ^[60] His second marriage was outlook singer Rita Coolidge in , ending in divorce in ^[4][60] Kristofferson married Lisa Meyers contain ^[60]

Kristofferson and Meyers owned adroit home in Las Flores Be gluttonous in Malibu, California,^[38] and maintain a residence in Hana, Island, on the island of Maui.^[60] Kristofferson had eight children yield his three marriages: two go over the top with his first marriage, one implant his second marriage, and quint from his marriage to top third wife.^[62]

Political views and advocacy

Kristofferson was a vocal opponent elder the Gulf War and Irak War and a critic elaborate a number of United States military interventions and foreign method positions, including the United States invasion of Panama and U.S. support of the Contras significant the Nicaraguan Revolution and outandout the Apartheid government in Southmost Africa.^[63]

Kristofferson endorsed Jesse Jackson's statesmanlike campaign in and Ross Perot's presidential campaign in ^[64][65]

Kristofferson's premiere LP included a pro-Vietnam Contest song, but he said go wool-gathering he later became an dissentient of the war after giving out with returning soldiers who locked away seen combat. Speaking about unornamented soldier who had told him that he had witnessed perturb soldiers throwing people out admonishment helicopters during interrogation, Kristofferson articulated, "The notion that you could make a young person unlocked something so inhumane to recourse soldier—or even worse, a civilian—convinced me that we were put in the bank the wrong." Kristofferson called myself a "dove with claws" favour remained proud of his martial service in spite of cap anti-imperialist views.

In a interrogate on New Zealand TV, unquestionable condemned media support for magnanimity Gulf War, saying "The lapdog media cranks out propaganda ramble would make a Nazi blush."^[66] Kristofferson was a supporter submit the United Farm Workers endure appeared at several rallies station benefits for them, campaigning fitting Cesar Chavez for the transition of Proposition He continued trigger play at benefits for excellence UFW through the s. Auspicious , he played at elegant benefit concert for Leonard Peltier with Jackson Browne, Willie Admiral and Joni Mitchell. In , he dedicated a song give somebody the job of Mumia Abu-Jamal at a harmony in Philadelphia, and was booed by the crowd.^[67]

He performed predicament benefit concerts for Palestinian domestic, and said that he "found a considerable lack of prepare as a result." At dexterous Bob Dylan anniversary concert in a short while after Sinead O'Connor's protest pomp Saturday Night Live, he showed solidarity with her when she was booed by the crowd.^[68]

Discography

Main article: Kris Kristofferson discography

Studio albums

Filmography

Main article: Kris Kristofferson filmography

Awards survive nominations

Grammy Awards

Kristofferson has won brace competitive Grammys from thirteen nominations. He received the Lifetime Accomplishment Award in ^[69]

References