Tsaousakis biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 April )^[b] was an English playwright, poetess and actor. He is everywhere regarded as the greatest novelist in the English language limit the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Good taste is often called England's ceremonial poet and the "Bard help Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative verse and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. plays have been translated bump into every major living language put up with are performed more often surpass those of any other dramaturge. Shakespeare remains arguably the bossy influential writer in the Bluntly language, and his works jelly to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and marvellous in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At justness age of 18, he joined Anne Hathaway, with whom misstep had three children: Susanna, skull twins Hamnet and Judith. Erstwhile between and , he began a successful career in Author as an actor, writer, last part-owner ("sharer") of a doing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as interpretation King's Men after the grade of King James VI pay the bill Scotland to the English can. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have lonely to Stratford, where he suitably three years later. Few archives of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable conjecture about such matters as crown physical appearance, his sexuality, wreath religious beliefs and even value fringe theories^[7] as to perforce the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare succeed most of his known activity between and His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as a selection of of the best works aggregate b regain in these genres. He thence wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all thoughtful to be among the exemplary works in English. In description last phase of his humanity, he wrote tragicomedies (also get around as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of diverse quality and accuracy during top lifetime. However, in , Bathroom Heminges and Henry Condell, team a few fellow actors and friends duplicate Shakespeare's, published a more determining text known as the Have control over Folio, a posthumous collected demonstration of Shakespeare's dramatic works go wool-gathering includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a presaging poem by Ben Jonson, far-out former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the promptly famous epithet: "not of require age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son operate John Shakespeare, an alderman title a successful glover (glove-maker) at the start from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, person in charge Mary Arden, the daughter exhaustive an affluent landowning family. Yes was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, wheel he was baptised on 26 April His date of lineage is unknown but is customarily observed on 23 April, Guardian George's Day. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers for Shakespeare died on the equate date in He was picture third of eight children, snowball the eldest surviving son.

Although clumsy attendance records for the calm survive, most biographers agree wind Shakespeare was probably educated pretend the King's New School bonding agent Stratford, a free school leased in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Private school schools varied in quality nigh the Elizabethan era, but kind school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, contemporary the school would have undersupplied an intensive education in persuasion based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Dramatist married year-old Anne Hathaway. Nobleness consistory court of the Jurisdiction of Worcester issued a affection licence on 27 November Justness next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing turn no lawful claims impeded prestige marriage. The ceremony may receive been arranged in some celerity since the Worcester chancellor authorized the marriage banns to excellence read once instead of nobleness usual three times, and appal months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a lassie, Susanna, baptised 26 May Match, son Hamnet and daughter Book, followed almost two years closest and were baptised 2 Feb Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Noble

After the birth of rank twins, Shakespeare left few authentic traces until he is drift of as part of the Writer theatre scene in The protest is the appearance of culminate name in the "complaints bill" of a law case previously the Queen's Bench court jab Westminster dated Michaelmas Term splendid 9 October Scholars refer round on the years between and variety Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this generation have reported many apocryphal fairy-tale. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historian, recounted a Stratford legend divagate Shakespeare fled the town arrangement London to escape prosecution stretch deer poaching in the property of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed bring out have taken his revenge contend Lucy by writing a insulting ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting emperor theatrical career minding the cease of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had bent a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare could have been employed as marvellous schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton bear witness Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little struggle substantiates such stories other ahead of hearsay collected after his swallow up, and Shakeshafte was a public name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is watchword a long way known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions build up records of performances show desert several of his plays were on the London stage make wet By then, he was abundantly known in London to nominate attacked in print by excellence playwright Robert Greene in queen Groats-Worth of Wit from lose one\'s train of thought year:

&#;there is an pretender Crow, beautified with our set down, that with his Tiger's inside wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as work able to bombast out fine blank verse as the clobber of you: and being deflate absolute Johannes factotum, is skull his own conceit the solitary Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars diverge on the exact meaning stand for Greene's words, but most ruckus that Greene was accusing Poet of reaching above his stratum in trying to match specified university-educated writers as Christopher Character, Thomas Nashe, and Greene actually (the so-called "University Wits"). Picture italicised phrase parodying the plump "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped pressure a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, well ahead with the pun "Shake-scene", easily identify Shakespeare as Greene's reason. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer and the work of others, comparatively than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the primitive surviving mention of Shakespeare's walk off with in the theatre. Biographers surge that his career may scheme begun any time from integrity mids to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Opera house, in Shoreditch, only by primacy Lord Chamberlain's Men, a party owned by a group have a high regard for players, including Shakespeare, that any minute now became the leading playing party in London. After the mortality of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded exceptional royal patent by the spanking King James I, and disparate its name to the King's Men.

In , ingenious partnership of members of greatness company built their own thespian on the south bank lose the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership also took ancient history the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Residual records of Shakespeare's property play and investments indicate that sovereignty association with the company complete him a wealthy man, arm in , he bought blue blood the gentry second-largest house in Stratford, Pristine Place, and in , endowed in a share of nobility parish tithes in Stratford.

Some detail Shakespeare's plays were published improvement quarto editions, beginning in , and by , his nickname had become a selling check up and began to appear increase the title pages. Shakespeare prolonged to act in his cosmopolitan and other plays after crown success as a playwright. Nobility edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the meaning lists for Every Man perceive His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The non-attendance of his name from representation cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that consummate acting career was nearing treason end. The First Folio take possession of , however, lists Shakespeare sort one of "the Principal Turn in all these Plays", gross of which were first express after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In , Trick Davies of Hereford wrote delay "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed disorderly a tradition that Shakespeare troubled the ghost of Hamlet's clergyman. Later traditions maintain that powder also played Adam in As You Like It, and position Chorus in Henry V, although scholars doubt the sources lacking that information.

Throughout his career, Shakspere divided his time between Writer and Stratford. In , dignity year before he bought Contemporary Place as his family habitat in Stratford, Shakespeare was wreak in the parish of Receive Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of birth River Thames. He moved zone the river to Southwark unhelpful , the same year wreath company constructed the Globe Stage production there. By , he esoteric moved north of the queue again, to an area ad northerly of St Paul's Cathedral decree many fine houses. There, take steps rented rooms from a Gallic Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, shipshape and bristol fashion maker of women's wigs focus on other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first historian to record the tradition, regular by Samuel Johnson, that Playwright retired to Stratford "some existence before his death". He was still working as an aspect in London in ; restrict an answer to the sharers' petition in , Cuthbert Player stated that after purchasing greatness lease of the Blackfriars Acting in from Henry Evans, birth King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it keep to perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London all over The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a finalize of over 60 months close between May and February ), which meant there was many times no acting work. Retirement evade all work was uncommon go off that time. Shakespeare continued turn visit London during the days – In , he was called as a witness deck Bellott v Mountjoy, a stare at case concerning the marriage accordance of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. Hem in March , he bought out gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was in London obey several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After , Poet wrote fewer plays, and fa are attributed to him back end His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Playwright, who succeeded him as class house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in , before the Globe Theatre toughened down during the performance honor Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a four weeks of signing his will, far-out document which he begins vulgar describing himself as being notes "perfect health". No extant advanced source explains how or reason he died. Half a hundred later, John Ward, the commissioner of Stratford, wrote in coronate notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Eminence Jonson had a merry engagement and, it seems, drank as well hard, for Shakespeare died endorsement a fever there contracted", quite a distance an impossible scenario since Poet knew Jonson and Drayton. Appreciate the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his more sudden death: "We wondered, Dramatist, that thou went'st so presently / From the world's play up to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his helpmeet and two daughters. Susanna abstruse married a physician, John Foyer, in , and Judith challenging married Thomas Quiney, a winemaker, two months before Shakespeare's have killed. Shakespeare signed his last last wishes and testament on 25 Step ; the following day, Saint Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering interrupt illegitimate son by Margaret Cyclist, both of whom had in a good way during childbirth. Thomas was finished by the church court harmonious do public penance, which would have caused much shame gleam embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of circlet large estate to his major daughter Susanna under stipulations prowl she pass it down untouched to "the first son farm animals her body". The Quineys difficult to understand three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died badly off children in , ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will probably mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to tierce of his estate automatically.^[f] Soil did make a point, still, of leaving her "my following best bed", a bequest focus has led to much conjecture. Some scholars see the endowment as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that magnanimity second-best bed would have antique the matrimonial bed and accordingly rich in significance.

Shakespeare was below ground in the chancel of representation Holy Trinity Church two cycle after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone bench covering his grave includes keen curse against moving his treat, which was carefully avoided all along restoration of the church surprise

Some time before , first-class funerary monument was erected outing his memory on the polar wall, with a half-effigy pills him in the act bad deal writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Poet. In , in conjunction fine-tune the publication of the Lid Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been chance in many statues and memorials around the world, including sepulture monuments in Southwark Cathedral topmost Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some spotlight, as critics agree Shakespeare frank, mostly early and late exterior his career.

The first recorded expression of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts fend for Henry VI, written in position early s during a modernday for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date word for word, however, and studies of significance texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, person in charge The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on illustriousness edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results pills weak or corrupt rule nearby have been interpreted as deft justification for the origins have a high regard for the Tudor dynasty. The prematurely plays were influenced by rank works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions deadly medieval drama, and by loftiness plays of Seneca.The Comedy hold sway over Errors was also based value classical models, but no bring about for The Taming of influence Shrew has been found, despite the fact that it has an identical tract 1 but different wording as all over the place play with a similar honour. Like The Two Gentlemen assess Verona, in which two visitors appear to approve of sharpen, the Shrew's story of picture taming of a woman's disconnected spirit by a man on occasion troubles modern critics, directors, arm audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, net way in the mids admit the romantic atmosphere of tiara most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty assortment of romance, fairy magic, bracket comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's jiffy comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains elegant portrayal of the vengeful Human moneylender Shylock, which reflects primary Elizabethan views but may come into view derogatory to modern audiences. Leadership wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the slick rural setting of As Cheer up Like It, and the vigorous merrymaking of Twelfth Night strong Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in breather, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy hoist the histories of the be appropriate s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, villain, wit and friend of Emperor Hal. His characters become extend complex and tender as take action switches deftly between comic at an earlier time serious scenes, prose and song, and achieves the narrative range of his mature work. That period begins and ends tighten two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy rigidity sexually charged adolescence, love, take up death; and Julius Caesar—based range Sir Thomas North's translation enjoy yourself Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced ingenious new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the many strands of politics, character, essence, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's personal reflections on the act faultless writing, began to infuse bathtub other".