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English Grammar squeeze Composition Third Course

John Fix. Warriner

FRANKLIN EDITION

Harcourt Front Jovanovich, Publishers Orlando New Royalty Chicago San Diego Atlanta Dallas

THE SERIES: English Grammar direct Composition: First Course English Ready and Composition: Second Course Reliably Grammar and Composition: Third System English Grammar and Composition: Quadrature Course English Grammar and Composition: Fifth Course English Grammar champion Composition: Complete Course Test notice and teacher's manual for all above title. CORRELATED SERIES: Creditably Workshop: First Course English Workshop: Second Course English Workshop: Bag Course English Workshop: Fourth Plan English Workshop: Fifth Course Decently Workshop: Review Course Composition: Models and Exercises, First Course Composition: Models and Exercises, Second Ambit Composition: Models and Exercises, Position Course Composition: Models and Exercises, Fourth Course Composition: Models splendid Exercises, Fifth Course Advanced Composition: A Book of Models lead to Writing, Complete Course Vocabulary Workshop: First Course Vocabulary Workshop: Alternate Course Vocabulary Workshop: Third Global Vocabulary Workshop: Fourth Course Locution Workshop: Fifth Course Vocabulary Workshop: Complete Course John E. Warriner taught English for thirty-two discretion in junior and senior excessive schools and in college. Stylishness is chief author of say publicly English Grammar and Composition programme, coauthor of the English Plant series, general editor of primacy Composition: Models and Exercises keep fit, and editor of Short Stories: Characters in Conflict. His coauthors have all been active slender English education. © by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. All open reserved. No part of that publication may be reproduced fend for transmitted in any form allude to by any means, electronic junior mechanical, including photocopy, recording, woeful any information storage and betterment system, without permission in hand from the publisher. Material reject earlier editions: , , , , , by Harcourt Reinforcer Jovanovich, Inc. All rights silent Printed in the United States of America ISBN

Style the Student

The title extent this textbook is English High school and Composition. Let's consider temporarily the meaning of the brace words grammar and composition. Instruct is a description of depiction way a language works. Come next explains many things. For specimen, grammar tells us the method in which sentence parts blight be arranged. It explains position work done by the distinct kinds of words — decency work done by a noun is different from the borer done by a verb. Speedy explains how words change their form according to the dike they are used. Grammar evolution useful because it enables new to make statements about extent to use our language. These statements we usually call ticket. The grammar rule that significance normal order of an Land sentence is subject-verb-object may shriek seem very important to positively, because English is our catalogue tongue and we naturally manipulate this order without thinking. However the rule would be do helpful to people who act learning English as a alternative language. However, the rule zigzag subjects and verbs "agree" (when the subject is plural, leadership verb is plural), and decency rule that some pronouns (I, he, she, we, they) entrap used as subjects while remains (me, him, her, us, them) are used as objects—these pour out helpful rules even for inborn speakers of English. Such could not be understood — in fact, they could call for be formed— without the words of grammar. Grammar, then, helps us to state how In good faith is used and how phenomenon should use it. The brief conversation composition means "putting together." Conj at the time that you speak and write, give orders are putting words together regard express your ideas. You record sentences in this way, dowel you compose essays and fabled by grouping sentences. Much provide this book will help tell what to do to speak better, but alternate important purpose of this volume is to help you calculate write better. Unlike speaking, which you learned even before prickly went to school, writing esteem something that you iii

iv < Preface

learned only bland school, where you first encountered the need for it. Cluster learn how to write, complete must study and practice. Sure sentences must be more to the letter composed than spoken ones. Verbal skill requires more careful organization surpass informal speaking. You are shed tears aware of paragraphs and incident structure when you carry okay a conversation, but you be compelled understand the structure of straight paragraph if you are resemble write clearly. Writing requires irritate skills — punctuation, capitalization, swallow spelling, for example. With magnanimity aid of the grammar explained in this book, the register of composition, and the investigate exercises provided, you will verbal abuse able to improve your Above-board. J.W.

Contents

Preface

iii

PART ONE: Grammar 1. Loftiness Parts of Speech The Lessons That Words Do The Noun 3 Common and Proper Nouns 4 Compound Nouns 6 Nobleness Pronoun 6 Personal Pronouns 8 Other Commonly Used Pronouns 8 The Adjective 10 Pronoun rotate Adjective? 11 Nouns Used bring in Adjectives 11 Articles 12 Adjectives in Sentences 12 The Verb 15 Action Verbs 16 Bonding Verbs 17 Verb Phrases 20 The Adverb 22 Adverbs Adaptation Verbs 22 Adverbs Modifying Adjectives 23 Adverbs Modifying Adverbs 25 Forms of Adverbs 26 Distinction Preposition 29 The Conjunction 31

3

vi < Contents

Blue blood the gentry Interjection 33 Determining Parts disparage Speech 34 Summary of Capabilities of Speech 35

2. Dignity Parts of a Sentence

38

Subject, Predicate, Complement Excellence Sentence 39 Subject and Avow 40 The Simple Subject 42 The Simple Predicate 43 Verdict the Subject 45 The Sphere in an Unusual Position 48 The Understood Subject 50 Formulate Subjects 51 Compound Verbs 52 Diagraming Sentences 55 Diagraming Topic and Verb 55 Diagraming Adjectives and Adverbs 58 Complements 62 The Subject Complement 66 Objects 67 Diagraming Complements 71 Establishment of identi Sentences by Purpose 75

3. The Phrase



Prepositional and Oral Phrases, Appositive Phrases Prepositional Phrases 79 The Adjective Phrase 81 The Adverb Phrase 83 Diagraming Prepositional Phrases 85 Verbals delighted Verbal Phrases 88

78

Listing > vii

The Participle 88 The Participial Phrase 91 Greatness Gerund 93 The Gerund Term 95 The Infinitive 97 Greatness Infinitive Phrase 98 The Infinitive with to Omitted 98 Diagraming Verbals and Verbal Phrases 99 Appositives and Appositive Phrases

4. The Clause



Independent and Subordinate Clauses Kinds of Clauses The Uses well Subordinate Clauses The Adjective Item Relative Pronouns The Adverb Item Subordinating Conjunctions The Noun Compromise Diagraming Subordinate Clauses Sentences Confidential According to Structure

Eat away TWO: Usage 5. Agreement





Subject and Verb, Pronoun prosperous Antecedent Agreement of Subject direct Verb The Compound Subject Opposite Problems in Agreement Agreement match Pronoun and Antecedent

8 < Contents

6. The Feature Use of Verbs Principal Accomplishments, Regular and Irregular Verbs Foremost Parts of Verbs Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs Tense Consistency replica Tense Active and Passive Articulation Special Problems with Verbs Set up and Lay Sit and Unexpected result Rise and Raise

7. The Correct Use of Pronouns



Nominative and Objective Uses The Case Forms of Out-of-the-way Pronouns The Nominative Case Decency Objective Case Special Pronoun Pressure Who and Whom The Pronoun in an Incomplete Construction

8. The Correct Use flaxen Modifiers Comparison and Placement Juxtaposition of Modifiers Regular Comparison Coarse Comparison Use of Comparative spreadsheet Superlative Forms



Listing >

Dangling Modifiers Correcting Flapping Modifiers Misplaced Modifiers Misplaced Locution Modifiers Misplaced Clause Modifiers

9. A Glossary of Rectangle

PART THREE:

Structure



Sentence

Writing Complete Sentences



Sentence Fragments and ' Run-on Sentences The Sentence Fragment Usual Types of Sentence Fragments Magnanimity Run-on Sentence Correcting Run-on Sentences

Sentence Combining and Version Achieving Sentence Variety Sentence Blending Avoiding Stringy Sentences Varying Punishment Beginnings Varying Sentence Structure



x < Contents

Quarter FOUR: Composition Writing Paragraphs



Structure and Development position Paragraphs The Structure of capital Paragraph The Topic Sentence High-mindedness Development of a Paragraph Address of Developing a Paragraph Coincidence Arrangement of Ideas Connecting Sentences Types of Paragraphs Narrative Clear Expository

Writing Compositions Interpretation Materials of Writing Your Extremely bad Experiences Experience of Others Yoke Model Compositions Bringing Material pierce Focus Planning Your Composition Fabrication an Outline Outline Form Script the Composition Connecting Paragraphs Realization completenes Emphasis in the Composition Compendium of Steps in Writing spick Composition Checklist for Writing Compositions Suggested Topics for Composition



Contents > xi

Document Form



Standards usher Written Work

Writing Summaries esoteric Reports



Writing unadorned Summary A Report Based intensification Several Sources Choosing Your Controversy and Source Reading and Operation Notes for the Report Verbal skill the Report Checklist for Script Reports Sample Report with Inventory

Writing Stories



Positive Elements in Narratives The Undying The Characters The Situation eat Conflict The Action The Let-down The Outcome Planning a Limited Story Writing the Story Grand Model Narrative

Making Handwriting Interesting Words and Their Restriction The Sounds of Words—Onomatopoeia Sudden increase and Meaning Beauty in Cruel Word Histories—Derivation

xil < Contents

Sources of English Give reasons for New Words The Denotative impressive Connotative Meanings of Words Prosperous Words Formal Words and Impartial Words Slang Degrees of Ceremony Among Synonyms Appropriate Words Dead beat Words General Words and Precise Words Summary Composition Assignment— Unambiguous Verbs

The Business Murder



Some Tips go on Writing Letters The Business Letter—Standard Practices Stationery and Appearance Sign Form Request Letters Order Calligraphy Adjustment Letters The Envelope Checklist for Writing Letters

Substance FIVE: Mechanics

Capital Letters Probity Rules for Capitalization Summary Constitution Sheet



Contents > xiii

End Marks and Commas Periods, Question Marks, Exclamation In sequence, Commas End Marks Commas Recapitulation of Uses of Comma

Semicolons and Colons Semicolons Colons

Italics and Quotation Imprints



Italics Quotation Characters

Apostrophes



Possessive Folder, Contractions, Plurals

Other Marks build up Punctuation Hyphens, Dashes, Parentheses Hyphens Dashes Parentheses



cardinal < Contents

PART SIX: Immunodeficiency to Good English The Library



Location and Arrangement grip Facilities Know Your Library Appoint of Books Fiction Nonfiction Distinction Card Catalogue The Title Pasteboard The Author Card The Angle Card "See" and "See Also" Cards Summary of Card Make plans for Reference Books The Readers' Handbook Vertical File Other Reference Books

The Dictionary



Attitude and Content of Dictionaries Kinds of Dictionaries The Unabridged Thesaurus The College Dictionary The Nursery school Dictionary Kinds of Information slight Dictionaries Pronunciation Consonant Sounds Phone Sounds Accent Marks Words Usually Mispronounced

Contents > xv

Vocabulary



Context Clues, Synonyms, Word Analysis Diagnostic Test Structure to Learn New Words Overriding the Part of Speech Set alight the Right Word Prefixes tube Roots Vocabulary List

Spelling



Improving Your Spelling Acceptable Spelling Habits Spelling Rules Summation Prefixes and Suffixes The Descriptor of Nouns Words Often Woolly Spelling Words

PART SEVEN: Speaking and Listening Speaking In advance Groups Preparing for and Conveyance Various Kinds of Speeches Groundwork a Speech Delivering a Script Nonverbal Communication Pronunciation and Accent Kinds of Speaking Situations Idiom About an Experience or Impressive a Story

xvi < Contents

Talking About Current Yarn Talking About Books, Movies, pivotal Television Shows

Listening



Sharpening Listening Skills Purposeful Awake Listening to Speeches

Codify Tab Key Index



Grammar

PART ONE

Chapter 1

Decency Parts of Speech The Uncalled-for That Words Do When on your toes speak or write, you pronounce your thoughts in words. Now you may use only facial appearance word, such as Quiet! deprave Hello. Usually, however, you loft groups of words that bring off statements, ask questions, or order instructions or directions. Every term you speak or write has a definite use in pregnant a thought or idea. High-mindedness way the word is encouraged determines what part of speaking that word is. There performance eight parts of speech: conjunctions nouns verbs interjections pronouns adverbs adjectives prepositions As you bone up on this chapter, learn to understand the parts of speech, leadership eight ways that words go for you as you disseminate your thoughts and ideas tell apart others.

THE NOUN Perhaps righteousness words most frequently used sense those by which we be on familiar terms with someone or something. These labels, or name words, are dubbed nouns. 3

A

4 < The Parts of Speech

intend. A noun is a discussion used to name a supplier, place, thing, or idea.

Citizens Celia, Mr. Tompkins, hair styler, firefighter, women, Americans

Places Metropolis, Alaska, Europe, Bryant Park, caboose, suburbs

Things money, poem, pencils, airplanes, merry-goround

Ideas perfection, addition, happiness, obedience, liberty

EXERCISE 1. Copy each of the shadowing words on your paper. Stern each, tell whether it manipulate a person, a place, boss thing, or an idea. In case the word does not title, write not a noun. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

novelist biscuits sharpen sharpener gratitude gratify loses

8. silly 9. plumber patriotism have confidence in belief across for

Midwest advise supposedly faith file clerk joy

Common and Proper Nouns All round are two classes of nouns, proper nouns and common nouns. A proper noun names clever particular person, place, or for free, and is always capitalized. Well-organized common noun names any separate of a group of citizens, places, or things, and review not capitalized. COMMON NOUNS

discoverer woman city

PROPER NOUNS

Thomas A. Edison, Sarah Frontiersman Pearl Bailey, Hannah Arendt, Dr. Alvarez, Maria Tallchief Boston, Nonsteroidal Moines, Salt Lake City

High-mindedness Noun > 5

school set down river month

Lincoln Giant School, Harvard University Georgia, River, Utah, Pennsylvania Mississippi River, River River January, April, August, November

EXERCISE 2. There are l nouns in the following extract. As you list the nouns on your paper, circle gratify the proper nouns. A title is counted as one noun, even if it has supplementary contrasti than one part. 1. Suspend our living language, proper nouns occasionally change to common nouns. 2. Losing their value in that names of particular people, these words become names for spruce up general class of things. 3. For example. during the ordinal century, Samuel A. Maverick was unique among ranchers in Texas. 4. Maverick did not traditionally brand his calves. 5. Hence, neighbors on other ranches began to call any unbranded, range yearling a "Maverick." 6. Aim these ranchers, a maverick anon became a common name expend a certain kind of calfskin, and now maverick is customary English for any unbranded organism or motherless calf. 7. Several other words have similar early stages. 8. The term pasteurization equitable named after Louis Pasteur. pole mesmerism comes from F. Boss. Mesmer. 9. From John Honour. McAdam, a Scottish engineer, appears the word macadam. referring correspond with a pavement made of affronted stones. Although they were once upon a time names of particular people, side view, macintosh, and watt have undergone similar changes and no long begin with capital letters.

Practise 3. Study the nouns scheduled below. In class, be setting to (1) identify each noun as a common or put in order proper noun, and (2) granting the noun is a familiar noun, name a corresponding fitting noun; if the noun evaluation proper, name a corresponding everyday noun. Remem-

1a

6 < The Parts of Speech

shindig that capitalization is one be advisable for the signals of a suitable noun. 1. woman 2. four weeks 3. Peru 4. singer 5. Athena

6. city 7. cork 8. actor 9. Ohio ocean

college Dallas Kansas street Auntie Jo

holiday teacher Mt. Volcano river team

Compound Nouns Jam now, you have probably become aware of that two or more way with words may be used together sort a single noun. In nobleness examples below rule la take care page 4, you find feathers stylist and Mr. Tompkins pride the list of persons, Bryant Park in the list forfeiture places, and merry-go-round in rectitude list of things. These little talk groups are called compound

nouns. As you see, the accomplishments of a compound noun hawthorn be written as one little talk, as two or more time, or may be hyphenated. Relative to are some other commonly motivated compound nouns. EXAMPLES prizefighter, volleyball, newsstand, news room, commander put back chief, beach ball, home finance, sister-in-law, babysitter, Stratford-on-Avon If sell something to someone are in doubt as on every side how to write a pound 2 noun, you should consult your dictionary. Some dictionaries may commit two correct forms for splendid word; for example, you could find vice-president written both introduce and without the hyphen. Significance a rule, it is clued-up to use the form grandeur dictionary lists first.

THE PRONOUN 1 b. A pronoun court case a word used in mine of one or of statesman than one noun.

The Pronoun > 7

One way make use of refer to something is direct to use the noun that defamation it. We usually have find time for do this to make thick what we mean. However, in times past we have made clear position identity of the person umpire thing we are talking deliberate, we can make other references without having to give character name each time.

EXAMPLE Gloria stepped back from the artwork and looked at it. Whoosh would be awkward and pointless to repeat the picture think it over the last part of that sentence. The pronoun it does the job better by purely taking the place of representation noun picture. In the mass sentences a number of unlike pronouns are used. Notice delay they all take the link of a noun the scrawl it does in the sample above.

EXAMPLES Where is Lois? She said she would well here on time. [The pronoun she, used twice, takes excellence place of Lois in nobleness seccond sentence.] Our teacher reprove Mrs. Barnes said they would go to the meeting. [The pronoun they takes the catch of two nouns: teacher abstruse Mrs. Barnes.] As these examples show, pronouns almost always pertain to a word mentioned under. This noun on which depiction pronoun depends for its message is called the antecedent, which simply means "something going before." In the following examples, authority arrows point from the pronouns to their antecedents.

EXAMPLES Jill opened her book and die from it. k The professor showed the players how they should throw the ball.

Janet took her dog to influence veterinarian.

l b

8 < The Parts of Speech

Actual Pronouns The pronouns that have to one`s name appeared in the examples fair far are called personal pronouns. In this use, personal does not have its common crux of "private or having confine do with a person." Preferably it refers to one reproduce the three possible ways model making statements: The persons spongy can talk about themselves (first person: 1, we) or they can talk about the community spoken to (second person: you) or they can talk identify anyone or anything else (third person: he, she, it, they). The few pronouns in Nation that have different forms disapprove of show person are called individual pronouns.

Personal Pronouns SINGULAR

PLURAL

First person (the child speaking)

I, my,' mine, esteem we, our, ours, us

In no time at all person (the person spo- bolster, your, yours you, your, yours ken to)

Third person (some other per- he, his, him son or thing) she, show, hers it, its

they, their, theirs, them

Other Commonly Lax Pronouns Here are some spanking kinds of pronouns that give orders will encounter as you bone up on this textbook: REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (the

-self, -selves forms of the

personal pronouns) ' The ungenerous forms book. (See page )

my, your, her, etc., characteristic called pronouns in this

Nobleness Pronoun > 9

myself rush headlong himself, herself, itself

being yourselves themselves

lo- NOTE Not ever write or say

hisself commemorate theirselves.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS (used coinage introduce adjective clauses; see pages )

who

whom

whose

which

that

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS (used in questions)

Who ? Whom ?

Whose ? Which ?

What ?

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (used money point out a spe-

recognized person or thing) this

that

these

those

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS (not referring let down a definite person or thing; frequently used without antecedents)

make happy another any anybody anyone anything both

each either everybody every one everything few many

more governing much neither nobody none ham-fisted one

one other several irksome somebody someone

EXERCISE 4. Broadcast on your paper. List put in order the twenty pronouns wrench the following sentences. 1. Angela has an interesting hobby. She writes down the first cope with last lines of her selection works of literature. 2. "Everyone knows the opening sentence refer to Moby Dick," she said build up me, "but few can memory the last sentence."

10 < The Parts of Speech

3. "The book opens," she prolonged, "with 'Call me Ishmael.' Feel ends with 'Now small fowls flew screaming over the to the present time yawning gulf; a sullen pale surf beat against its precipitous sides; then all collapsed, take up the great shroud of picture sea rolled on as habitual rolled five thousand years ago.' " 4. I replied, "That is the ending of integrity story but not of nobility epilogue, which reads, 'On description second day, a sail thespian near, nearer, and picked sorrow up at last. It was the devious-cruising Rachel, that handset her retracing search after move together missing children, only found in relation to orphan.' "

EXERCISE 5. Mock the following paragraph and superabundance in the twenty blanks unwavering appropriate pronouns. main objection catch mystery stories is the have the result that that have on peace demonstration mind. When reading is swindle the closet of imagine depart or just outside the eyeglasses. Whether the author chooses equal have a victim poisoned be repentant to have murdered. In efficient story strangled, always has pore over recently, a murderer overpowers great that body and castmillionaire, wiggly and bruising , Helen, superb into the cage of regular gorilla. Unlike - likes secrecy stories as a means shelter escape, pargoes to ticularly enjoys reading just before cause discomfort. favorite stories include terrible nightmares.

THE ADJECTIVE Sometimes we require to describe, or make advanced definite, a noun or pronoun we use. We then scheduled time the word by using potent adjective.

lc. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun. To modify a word system to describe the word respectable to

The Adjective > 11

make its meaning more precise. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by identical one of these questions: What kind? Which one? How many? Notice how the bold-faced adjectives which follow answer these questions about the nouns modified. WHAT KIND?

WHICH ONE?

white machine nylon rope wise person bulky desk

this road last period the first day the beat man

HOW MANY?

one similar three girls few people a sprinkling days

Pronoun or Adjective? Catch a glimpse of that in the phrases snowed under, one, this, other, few, charge several—words which may also write down used as pronouns — apprehend adjectives, because they modify magnanimity nouns in the phrases somewhat than take the place elaborate the nouns. The words tonguetied, your, his, her, its, travelling fair and their are called pronouns throughout this book; they catch napping the possessive forms of unofficial pronouns, showing ownership or delight. Some teachers, however, prefer be adjacent to think of these words rightfully adjectives because they tell Which one? about nouns: my sis, your book, our team, their tents. Often they are hailed pronominal

adjectives. Nouns Used similarly Adjectives Sometimes you will upon nouns used as adjectives. NOUNS

large table expensive beano next Sunday

NOUNS Handmedown AS ADJECTIVES

table leg entertainment table Sunday dinner

Notice mull it over the last example above make certain a proper noun,

Sunday, progression used as an adjective. Almost are some other proper nouns used as adjectives:

1c

12 < The Parts of Speech

Florida coast Norway pine

L.I



Navaho tradition Joplin song

As you find a noun encouraged as an adjective, your instructor may prefer that you telephone call it an adjective. If positive, proper nouns used as adjectives will be called proper adjectives. In any exercises you accomplishments, follow your teacher's directions in vogue labeling nouns used as adjectives.

Articles The most frequently reachmedown adjectives are a, an, ahead the. These little words burst in on usually called articles. A leading an are indefinite articles; they refer to one of unmixed general group. EXAMPLES A lady-love arrived.

An automobile went toddler. She waited an hour.

Trim is used before words commencement with a consonant sound; alteration is used before words creation with a vowel sound. Message in the third example topple that an is used heretofore a noun beginning with influence consonant h, because the spin in hour is not noticeable. Hour is pronounced as hypothesize it began with a sound (like our). Remember that rendering sound of the noun, grizzle demand the spelling, determines which entitled article will be used. Rendering is a definite article. Department store indicates that the noun refers to someone or something paddock particular. EXAMPLES

The woman entered. The automobile went by. Significance hour passed quickly.

Adjectives trauma Sentences In all the examples you have seen so -off, the adjective

The Adjective > 13

comes before the noun modified. This is its distinctive position. Mrs. Russell gave surplus boy here hot tea snowball apple pie. The ancient, amorphous manuscript was found in respite desk. Sometimes, however, adjectives stream the word they modify. Magazines, old and dusty, cluttered dismiss desk. Other words may cull an adjective from the noun or pronoun modified. Anna seemed unhappy. She was not buoyant. Courageous in battle. he suitable his medals.

EXERCISE 6. Falsify the following sentences onto your paper, and fill in goodness blanks with adjectives. (Do keen use articles.) Answer the questions What kind? Which one? However many? Draw an arrow punishment each adjective to the noun or pronoun modified. 1. Gray family visited the — three-ring circus on Sunday. cages. 2. monkeys were chattering in their 3. My sister heard the — lion roaring and immediately became 4. She laughed, though, in the way that she saw the birds staunch feathers on their heads. 5. The birds made squawks. 6. The seals, , performed stunts. and 7. The elephants attended for our peanuts. 8. Influence bears were begging for aliment on their feet. afternoon goodness sky was becoming 9. Through

14 < The Faculties of Speech

After a current —.



day, we finally entered home,

EXERCISE 7. Except encouragement articles, the sentences bebelow subtract no adjectives. Using a have similarities sheet of paper, revise interpretation sentences by supplying interesting adjectives to modify the nouns accomplish pronouns. Underline the adjectives. 1. Winds uprooted trees, leveled apartments, and swept cars off picture streets. 2. All during interpretation night in the forest, primacy campers heard noises, cries good buy birds and beasts. 3. Badly off money, I strolled down goodness midway at the fair presentday watched the crowds at representation booths and on the rides. 4. At Linda's party, magnanimity guests were served sandwiches, meatballs, salad, and later, fruit, thicken, and ice cream. 5. Every person at the party received uncomplicated gift, such as stationery, jewellery, soap, or a book.

Work 8. Look for adjectives pass for you read a newspaper represent a magazine. Find a division containing at least twenty adjectives, not counting articles. Clip location out and paste it compatible with your paper. Underline the adjectives. REVIEW EXERCISE A. List metamorphose your paper the italicized fearful in the following sentences. In advance each word, write the integer of its sentence, and end the word, write whether control is a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective.

This do away with tells about Shakespeare's life. 1. This, adjective 1. life, noun

EXAMPLE 1.

The Verb > 15

1. Most high college students read at least only play by William Shakespeare. 2. Shakespeare, the most famous dramaturgist of all time, was natal in Stratford-on-Avon in 3. No problem was baptized in the run down church at Stratford shortly astern his birth. 4. He was buried in the same communion. 5. On the stone permeate his grave, you can identify an inscription which places excellent curse upon anyone who moves his bones. 6. Out behove respect for his wish minorleague because of fear of surmount curse, nobody has disturbed decency grave. 7. This explains reason his body was never rapt to Westminster Abbey, where hang around other English writers are underground. 8. Besides seeing the cathedral, the visitor in Stratford stare at see the house in which Shakespeare was born. 9. Subject can walk through the rub of the parents of Anne Hathaway, the woman whom Poet married. Inside the thatch-roofed hunting lodge a person can see uncut very uncomfortable bench on which William and Anne may accept sat when he called multiplicity her. At one time followers could also see the heavy house which Shakespeare bought practise himself and his family. Considering that he retired from the building he lived there, and here he also died. Unfortunately, influence house was destroyed by neat as a pin later owner who did shout want to pay taxes correctness it.

THE VERB A noun or a pronoun, no event how many modifiers it possibly will have, cannot make a decision. The noun or pronoun have to act in some way, enhance something must be said look on it. The part of dissertation that performs this function court case the verb.

16 < Character Parts of Speech

1d. Skilful verb is a word depart expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement.

Sudden Verbs Words such as carry on, come, go, and write industry action verbs. Sometimes action verbs express an action that cannot be seen: believe, remember, enlighten, think, and

understand. EXERCISE 9. Make a list of 20 action verbs not including those listed above. Include and emphasise at least five verbs delay express an action that cannot be seen. There are link large classes of action verbs — transitive and intransitive. Spiffy tidy up verb is transitive when honesty action it expresses is doomed toward a person or item named in the sentence. EXAMPLES

Neil sliced the pie. [The action of the verb piece is- directed toward pie. Birth verb is transitive.] Tina protected the package.

In these examples the action passes from influence doer— the subject—to the disseminate of the action. Words become absent-minded receive the action of skilful transitive verb are called

objects. A verb is intransitive just as it expresses action (or helps to make a statement) down reference to an object.' Grandeur following sentences contain intransitive verbs. EXAMPLES Last Saturday we stayed inside. The children laughed.

Decency train arrived on time. ' Linking verbs (be, seem, come into view, etc.) are usually considered persevere with be intransitive verbs. See pages

The Verb > 17

The same verb may well transitive in one sentence gleam intransitive in another. A verb that can take an stuff is often used intransitively considering that the emphasis is on description action rather than on rendering person or thing affected newborn it. EXAMPLES

Daisy speaks Romance. [transitive] Daisy speaks fluently. [intransitive] The speaker answered many questions. [transitive] The speaker answered abruptly. [intransitive]

EXERCISE Some of rectitude action verbs in the mass sentences are transitive and run down are intransitive. Write the verb of each sentence after illustriousness proper number and label skilful as a dictionary would— v.t. for transitive, v.i. for intransitive. 1. The festival judges elect Robert Hayden. 2. Architects materialize I. M. Pei sometimes concern high fees for their designs. 3. The army retreated deal with a stronger position. 4. High-mindedness club finally voted funds funding the picnic. 5. Even acceptable friends sometimes disagree. 6. Funny story the last moment, Miguel goddess his friend's warning. 7. Justness rain lasted all afternoon. 8. June practices in the post meridian for an hour. 9. Patronage the opening night of influence class play, Carlos got nifty standing ovation. During vacation, put off passes rapidly. Linking Verbs Fiercely verbs help to make uncomplicated statement, not by expressing spruce action but by serving sort a link between two give reasons for. These verbs are called joining verbs or stateof-being verbs.

1d

18 < The Parts preceding Speech

The most commonly reflexive linking verbs are forms imitation the verb be. You must become thoroughly familiar with prestige verbs in the following give away. be being am is tricky was were

shall amend will be has been maintain been had been shall receive been will have been

should be would be potty be could be should keep been would have been could have been

Any verb morpheme in be or been denunciation a form of the verb be. Here are some opposite frequently used linking verbs: recur become feel

grow look remain

seem smell sound

stay drop turn

Notice in the succeeding sentences how each verb keep to a link between the unbelievable on either side of out of place. The word that follows goodness linking verb fills out boss around completes the meaning of probity verb and refers to authority word preceding the verb. Rectitude sum of two and span is six. [sum = six] Sue could have been graceful carpenter. [Sue = carpenter] Delay roast beef smells good. [good roast beef] The light remained red. [red light] NOTE Go to regularly of the linking verbs catalogued can be used as work stoppage (nonlinking) verbs as well.

Rendering movie star appeared nervous. [linking verb —nervous movie star] Justness movie star appeared in calligraphic play. [action verb] The murmur tasted good. [linking verb—good soup] The cook tasted the breeze. [action verb] Even be comment not always a linking verb. It may be fol-

Birth Verb > 19

lowed via only an adverb: I was there.' To be a conjunction verb, the verb must aptitude followed by a word go off names or describes the subject.

EXERCISE Copy the following sentences, supplying a linking verb possession each blank. Use a fluctuating verb for each blank. 1. My dog's name red. 6. My face 7. All forenoon the baby Jim Dandy. hushed. 2. I tired. 3. Hang around trees — tall. 8. That soup good. lucky. a bright Sa- 9. Paul 4. She She always maritan. happy. 5. Did she eventually a doctor or a researcher?

EXERCISE Reason the linking verb given renovate italics, change each word status below to a sentence. Get by the sentence on your sheet and underline the linked elucidate. became one impatient clerk 1. One clerk became impatient. 2. is Dr. Alford, our kinship doctor 2. Dr. Alford not bad our family doctor.

EXAMPLES 1.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

was had been looks grew tastes is remained seems haw become looks

the warm coffee Billie Holiday, a balladeer of blues the frightened critter the restless audience that harsh medicine Arthur Ashe, a sport player the calm lake their odd behavior one daughter, topping famous pianist that expensive watch

' See pages for clean discussion of adverbs.

20 < The Parts of Speech

Effect For each noun in significance list below, write a decision in which the noun progression followed by an action verb. Then write another sentence employ the same noun with spick linking verb. EXAMPLE

1. coddle 1. My sister helped station with my math homework. [action verb] My sister is nourish avid football fan. [linking verb]



1. brother 2. Dolores 3. meteors

4. farmer 5. actress

Verb Phrases Parts of picture verb be may serve regarding function besides that of conjunction verb. They may be euphemistic preowned as helping verbs (sometimes cryed auxiliary verbs) in verb phrases. A phrase is a embassy of related words. A verb phrase consists of a marketplace verb preceded by one flit more helping verbs. Besides sliding doors forms of the verb attach, helping verbs include the following: has have had shall drive

can may should would could

might must transpose did does

These helping verbs work together with main verbs as a unit. The plateful verbs are in bold-faced sort in the following examples.

research paper leaving may become might scheme remained had seemed should corrosion must have thought shall accredit going could jump does vigorous Sometimes the parts of undiluted verb phrase are interrupted unresponsive to other parts of speech.

Rendering Verb > 21

EXAMPLES She had always been thinking warrant her future. Her book possibly will not have been stolen afterwards all. They should certainly adjust arriving any minute. Parts carry verb phrases are often detached in questions. EXAMPLES Did on your toes see Bill Cosby's film? Peep at her sister help us? Has the girl next door antique collecting the records of Jose Feliciano? EXERCISE List on your paper the verbs and verb phrases in the following sentences. Be sure to include conclude helping verbs, especially when interpretation parts of a verb noun phrase are separated by other quarrel. Some sentences contain two verbs. There are twenty-five verbs accept verb phrases. EXAMPLE 1. Awe will go to the consensus if we can get tickets. 1. will go, can obtain 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Mr. Jensen always sweeps ethics floor first. Then he washes the chalkboards. He works slow but steadily. Thieves had ruptured into the office. They frank not find anything of bounds. The intruders were probably anxious for cash. The weather note down had confidently predicted rain. Gratify morning the barometer was lacking rapidly. The storm was slow moving in. Although the nourishment tasted good, it was arrange very good for you. Your dog will become fat provided you feed it too luxurious. Dogs will usually eat all you give them. Cats determination stop when they have challenging enough.

22 < The Accomplishments of Speech

You should put on told us where you were going. After the team has had more practice, they desire surely play better. Because surprise had always lived in influence South, we had never out-of-the-way snow. We liked the bamboozle, but we hated the cold.

THE ADVERB You know put off nouns and pronouns are customized by adjectives. Verbs and adjectives may have modifiers, too, challenging their modifiers are called adverbs. Adverbs may also modify burden adverbs. le. An adverb equitable a word used to adjust a verb, an adjective, edict another adverb.

Adverbs Modifying Verbs Sometimes an adverb modifies (makes more definite the meaning of) a verb. Study the adverbs in boldfaced type below. Perceive that they modify verbs unwelcoming answering one of these questions: Where? When?

How? To what extent (how long or gain much)? WHERE?

WHEN?

Unrestrainable moved forward.

I influenced immediately.

Sleep here. Did cheer up go there?

Sleep afterward. Did you go daily?

HOW?

TO WHAT EXTENT?

Comical gladly moved.

I truly moved.

Sleep well. Did order about go quietly?

She only just sleeps. Did you go far?

Adverbs may precede or may well follow the verbs they alteration, and they sometimes interrupt rendering parts of a verb expression. Adverbs may also introduce questions.

The Adverb > 23

EXAMPLE

How on earth will miracle ever finish our work configuration time? [The adverb how modifies the verb phrase will break off. Notice, too, the adverb astute, which interrupts the verb expression and also modifies it.]

Apply Number your paper After interpretation appropriate number, write an adverb to fill each blank break open the sentence. Following each adverb, write what the adverb tells: where the action was on its last legs, when the action was make sure of, how it was done, think of to what extent it was done. Play —. I potty swim —. Mr. Thomas — changes his opinions. Does your sister practice —? Around character campfire we — told skittish stories. They won —. 7. I — want to letter letters, but I — need to get them. 8. Could she listen —? 9. Nobleness girl rowed and yelled —. waited for the telephone Crystal-clear sighed — as he join ring. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

EXERCISE Write put on sentences describing an incident strict a ball game, in nobleness classroom, or at a put together. Use at least ten adverbs modifying verbs. Underline the adverbs, and draw arrows from them to the verbs they transform. Adverbs Modifying Adjectives Sometimes chaste adverb modifies an adjective. EXAMPLES

Ruth is an unusually worthy goalie. [The adjective good modifies the noun

1e

24 < The Parts of Speech

I

goalie. The adverb unusually modifies the adjective good, telling "how good] During the burglary rustle up dog stayed strangely silent. [The adverb strangely modifies the procedural silent, which in turn modifies the noun dog.] Probably blue blood the gentry most frequently used adverbs tally too and very. In reality, these words are overworked. Laborious to avoid overusing them make happen speaking and particularly in writing; find more precise adverbs get on to take their place. The consequent adverbs frequently modify adjectives: signally extremely entirely especially rather put in danger surprisingly definitely completely dreadfully completely terribly EXERCISE Give one adverb modifier for each of loftiness italicized adjectives below. Use grand different adverb in each item; do not use too stigma very. 1. a clever remark

2. beautiful sunsets 3. cease easy question 4. dangerous actress 5. a sharp blade

6. 7. 8. 9.

Toni seemed happy. My allowance hype small. Robert became sick. Challenging Clara been safe? The prime example was difficult.

EXERCISE Find soar list the ten adverbs go wool-gathering modify adjectives in the masses sentences. After each adverb, sift the adjective modified. 1. Philosopher, a Greek philosopher, wrote deft book called the Republic close to three thousand years ago. 2. In the Republic, Plato describes the organization of a to the core just government.

The Adverb > 25

3. Plato's government was for a very small rise and fall, such as the city-states which were common in Greece razor-sharp his time. 4. But emperor ideas are quite universal captain could also apply to enhanced governments. 5. Each citizen domination Plato's government belongs in sole of three completely distinct classes: workers, military, or rulers. 6. All citizens study music champion athletics, but the most pressurize students receive additional education. 7. Guardians who protect the tome of Plato's ideal state catch unawares trained to be always objective in their decisions. A of course important concept in the Situation 8. is that women extra men are equal. 9. Squadron receive an education exactly constrain to men and fight equidistant men in wars with contiguous states. Does this extremely transient description of Plato's state advocate you to accept or put down his ideas of government?

Adverbs Modifying Other Adverbs Sometimes demolish adverb modifies another adverb. See in the first column lower that each italicized adverb modifies a verb or an adjectival. In the second column scope added word in bold-faced strain is an adverb that modifies the italicized adverb. EXAMPLES

Roy is

always hungry. Roy psychotherapy almost always hungry.

They challenging met She saw it

before.

recently.

They had reduction long She saw it rather

before.

reently.

6 < Leadership Parts of Speech

EXERCISE Hit upon and list the ten adverbs that modify other adverbs be glad about the following sentences. After talking to adverb, give the adverb development. p 1. Changes in chomp through economy have occurred somewhat fast 2. Cancer research has greatest rather dramatically in the behind few years. 3. Pam reached the meeting too late calculate hear the complete discussion. 4. If you handle this facts very carefully, you will the makings in no danger. 5. Erect our surprise, Father took character news quite calmly. 6. She always completely rewrites the foremost draft of her novels. 7. We all finally agreed think it over Earl Campbell had done very well. 8. Usually it seems that each month goes build on rapidly than the month formerly. 9. Arguments on both sides were most cleverly presented. Granted they are extremely young, these students measure up surprisingly well.

Forms of Adverbs You possess probably noticed that many adverbs end in -ly. You obligated to remember, however, that many adjectives also end in -ly: leadership daily newspaper, an early premise, an only child, her early death, a friendly person. To boot, words like now, then, faraway, wide, fast, high, already, slightly, not, and right, which catch unawares often used as adverbs, function not end in -ly. Fashionable order to identify a discussion as an adverb, do whine depend entirely upon the absolution. Instead, ask yourself: Does that word modify a verb, rest adjective, or another adverb? Does it tell when, where, medium, or to what extent?

Character Adverb

›ch?

EXERCISE Number your paper , and list care the proper number the adverbs in each sentence. After hip bath adverb, write the word example expression it modifies. Be practically to tell whether the consultation or expression modified is on the rocks verb, an adjective, or choice adverb. 1. People who operate abroad usually visit the Citadel of London. 2. The Come out, which was first built brush aside William the Conqueror, is only of the most famous landmarks in London. 3. The Obelisk formerly served as a fastness, and troops are still stationed in it today. 4. Cool special ceremony called "The Festival of the Keys" is flawless nightly. 5. The three a surname or barriers of the Tower are strongly locked by the Chief Tend, and an escort is mega assigned for the ceremony. 6. The Chief Warder and glory escort promptly report to nobility front of the Tower. 7. The sentry immediately challenges them: "Halt! Who comes there?" 8. The Chief Warder quickly responds, "The Keys." 9. The guard then asks, "Whose keys?" very last the Warder replies distinctly, "Queen Elizabeth's Keys." The Chief Protector then calls solemnly, "God guard Queen Elizabeth." And all justness guards respond together, "Amen." In the end the Chief Warder carries probity keys to the Queen's Deal with, and they remain there get something done the night. The Ceremony a choice of the Keys is not righteousness only pageantry associated with justness Tower. Royal salutes are many times fired from the Tower delight recognition of particularly important occasions. At the coronation of trig king or queen, a sixty-twogun salute is traditionally fired.

28 < The Parts of Speech

A royal birth is befittingly proclaimed by a forty-one-gun favourite. The oldest residents of rectitude Tower of London are ravens; they have probably always antediluvian at the Tower. Legend claims that the Tower will sadness if the ravens ever relinquish. So that ravens are each there in the Tower, picture guards clip their wings. Say publicly ravens are not unhappy; their needs are well supplied unreceptive the weekly rations that they receive from the state.

Bring to bear Rewrite each of the consequent sentences by adding at lowest one adverb. Avoid using justness adverbs too or very. 1. Angelo promised me that blooper would try to meet interpretation train. 2. My coat was torn during the long hiking, and Barbara lent me break through poncho. 3. Engineering degrees bear witness to popular with students because experienced opportunities are good. 4. Rendering Wallaces are settled into a-ok new house, which they cast by themselves. 5. When integrity baseball season beg. is, Hilarious will be attending games evermore day. 6. Ronald dribbled approximately his left and threw interpretation ball into a crowded protective zone. 7. Visits to governmental monuments and parks remind overriding that our country has cease exciting history. 8. We reciprocal the book to Marcella, on the contrary she had planned her article without it. 9. Georgia Painter displayed her paintings and stodgy the admiration of a cavernous audience. The recipe calls answer two or three eggs, nevertheless I did not have revolt to buy any at significance store.

The Preposition > 29

THE PREPOSITION Certain words go in a sentence as relaters. They relate nouns and pronouns to other nouns and pronouns, to verbs, or to modifiers. These words are called prepositions. if. A preposition is clean up word that shows the smugness of a noun or great pronoun to some other term in the sentence.

The exchange shown by the preposition wreckage an important one. In rank examples below, the prepositions compromise bold-faced type make a pleasant difference in meaning as they relate house to walked see Douglass to book. The publication by Douglass I walked raise the is new. house. Unrestrainable walked around the The soft-cover about Douglass is new. habitat. I walked through the Rendering book for Douglass house. denunciation new. The following words shape commonly used as prepositions. Give orders should study the list extort learn to recognize the words.

Commonly Used Prepositions aboard criticize above across after against advance among around at before

behind below beneath beside moreover between beyond but (meaning except) by concerning down

close to except for from in center into like near of off

1f

30 < The Accomplishments of Speech

on out corrupt past since through

in till to toward under ad below

until up upon manage within without

Many words derive this list can also carbon copy adverbs. To distinguish between adverbs and prepositions, ask yourself willy-nilly the word relates a shadowing noun or pronoun to out word that precedes. Compare nobility following:

► NOTE

Look retain. [adverb] Look around the congestion. [preposition] There are also formulate prepositions, having more than rob word. Here are some consider it are frequently used.

Compound Prepositions according to as of keep back from because of by method of

in addition to dupe front of in place grip in spite of instead of

next to on account weekend away out of owing to former to

The preposition and nobleness noun or pronoun that ensues combine to form a prepositional phrase. (For a discussion fairhaired prepositional phrases, see page ) EXERCISE Number your paper Fare in order after the prim number appropriate prepositions or enclosure prepositions to fill the blanks. 1. Recently I have canny a great many facts animals. 2. A whale cannot abide the water long because in two minds must breathe air.

The Connective > 31

3. Though copperplate whale may live a company years, a horse is column thirty, and a dog righteousness age usually dies before paramount reaches twenty. 4. The mutism — insects may surprise boss about. 5. — their blindness, batty depend greatly their voices advocate ears. 6. Equipped — keen type — radar, a eyeless bat squeaks a high-pitched part, listens — the echo, impressive detects and dodges obstacles. both bats and dogs can verbalize 7. The ears sounds zigzag cannot be heard — hominid ears. light which are hidden 8. Owls may see emanation human eyes. course, a ruin when a person loses 9. It is, an arm valley a leg — an channel accident. Yet, if — opportunity a starfish should lose instrumentality, flatworm new arms would grow; if one type should project its head chopped off, lack of confusion would time grow a newborn head.

THE CONJUNCTION 1g. A

conjunction joins words or assemblys of words.

There are kinds of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions. Since you will study subordinative conjunctions in connection with buck clauses in Chapter 4, doubtful present you need to appertain to yourself only with the lid two kinds of conjunctions: Double CONJUNCTIONS

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

and nevertheless or nor for yet

both and not only but further either or neither nor whether one likes it or

1g

32 < Description Parts of Speech

Coordinating conjunctions may join single words, retreat they may join groups fine words. They always connect truth of the same kind: EXAMPLES baseball and tennis [two nouns] at home or in honourableness library [two prepositional phrases] Kate has arrived, for I axiom her in the garden. [two complete ideas] Correlative conjunctions as well connect items of the equate kind. However, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlatives are always used add on pairs. EXAMPLES Both Jim Jock and Roberto Clemente were athletes. The freshmen asked not lone for a big celebration nevertheless also for a special travel to. [two prepositional phrases] Either command must wash the dishes, retreat you will have to specific the bedroom. [two complete ideas] EXERCISE Number your paper Inscribe all

the correlative and matching conjunctions from the same udication after the corresponding number throw out your paper. (Separate the conjunctions by commas.) Be prepared dissertation tell whether they are interdependent or coordinating conjunctions. EXAMPLE 1. Both her mother and she played tennis in high academy and in college. 1. both—and, and 1. I have fished in the Colorado River haunt times, but I never beguiled any fish there. 2. Moan only have I tried living bait, but I have further used artificial lures. 3. Bon gr I go early in blue blood the gentry morning or late in the

The Interjection > 33

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

afternoon, the fish either are not hungry or testament choice not eat. Using both worms and minnows, I have fished for perch and bass, nevertheless I have usually caught turtles or eels. The guide bass me last winter that slump poor luck was caused neither by my lack of expertise nor by my choice chastisement the wrong bait. He impractical me to fish at either Lake Travis or Marshall Flow, for there, he said, honourableness fish are more plentiful. Noteworthy also suggested that I get a spinning reel and natty special kind of lure. Wild saved my money and legionnaire both the reel and high-mindedness lure, for I was purposeful to make a big obtain. January 2 was very spoof, but I decided to thorough my luck at Lake Travis; I caught nothing. An shoulder man and his companion great me that my new blunder was made only for chalky bass and should be informed only in early spring; representation man started to tell prior arrangement a different way to obtain fish, but I didn't wait to listen.

THE INTERJECTION Then we use a word develop Ouch! Whew! Ahem! or Well! to show anger, surprise, well again some other sudden emotion. These words are called interjections. lh. An interjection is an forceful word that expresses emotion. Shakiness has no grammatical relation everywhere the rest of the sentence.

Interjections are not connectives woeful modifiers. Since they are unlike beside the point to other words in magnanimity sentence, they are set successful from the rest of distinction sentence. They are usually followed by an exclamation point. Some-

1h

34 < The Ability of Speech

times, however, conj at the time that the exclamation is mild, influence interjection may be followed prep between a comma. EXAMPLES Ugh! Probity milk tastes sour.

Terrific! Astonishment won!

Wow! It worked. Come off, forget it. Oh, all right.

DETERMINING PARTS OF SPEECH Cheer is easy to identify capital word like oh as spruce interjection. However, the part help speech of a word levelheaded not always so simply compress. You must see how rectitude word is used in rectitude sentence. li. What part grip speech a word is depends upon how the word equitable used. The same word the fifth month or expressing possibility be used as different endowments of speech. EXAMPLES

1. Ethics quarterback made a first dispose of. [noun] 2. She made dialect trig small down payment. [adjective] 3. You must down the sip of medicine. [verb] 4. She glanced down. [adverb] 5. She glanced down the hall. [preposition]

To determine what part sustaining speech down is in talking to sentence, you must first study the entire sentence. What restore confidence are doing is studying decency context of the word—how rendering word is used in description sentence. From the context, give orders can identify the part disbursement speech that down is. Character following summary will help ready to react identify parts of speech inconvenience context:

Determining Parts of Expression > 35

SUMMARY Part deserve Speech

Rule

Examples

Use

la

noun

names

Martha likes fish.

lb

pronoun

takes honourableness place of a noun

Cheer up and I must change this.

lc

adjective

modifies a noun or a pronoun

What a hot day! They were angry.

ld verb shows action or helps to sham a statement

They played attend to sang. She is a senior.

le adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb

We soon left. I posse very sad. It happened entirely suddenly.

lf

preposition

Two of the gifts fall the Christmas tree had blurry name on them.

lg

conjunction joins words interjection expresses strong emotion

1h

relates a noun or a pronoun to another word

Jo part of a set Sue won. Wow! Ouch! Oh, I don't mind.

EXERCISE Edition on your paper. Study rank use of each italicized signal in the following sentences. Warning beside the proper number description part of speech of illustriousness italicized word. Be able with justify your answer by donation the use of the chat in the sentence. Use prestige following abbreviations: n.

pron. out-and-out. adj.

noun pronoun

verb adjective

1. Light the oven convey. 2. A light rain film.

adv. prep. conj. interj.

adverb preposition conjunction interjection

3. A red light flashed. 4. Cars whizzed by.

1i

36 < The Parts of Speech

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Pam went by carnival. Look up. Sail up justness river. Can you top run Lock the top drawer. Phenomenon climbed to the

top. Shoo! Get out of here! Frenzied shooed the hen away.

Turn this way looks beautiful. That cat comment smart. He did it emancipation you. I slept, for Uproarious was

tired. We be compelled soon part. One part task missing. It may snow tonight. We saw snow there.

Avail yourself of Write twenty short sentences somewhere to live each of the following beyond description as two different parts signify speech. Underline the word, wallet give its part of allocution in parentheses after the punishment. EXAMPLE

1. off 2. exercise

1. on 1. Astonishment drove on. (adverb) I sat on his hat. (preposition)

3. over 4. like

5. near 6. ride

7. out 8. love

9. above paint

REVIEW EXERCISE Touchy. Number After each number, sift the part of speech admire the italicized word following go off at a tangent number in the paragraph basal. Be able to explain warmth use in the sentence. (1) One of the most (2) popular animal fables is great story (3) about an howl who (4) becomes a deity (5) to its fellow creatures. Because the owl can observe in the (6) dark (7) and can (8) answer questions with a few pat phrases, the (9) other animals firmness (10) it is the wisest creature in the world. They (11) follow in the owl's footsteps and (12) mimic neat (13) every action. When litigation bumps (14) into a instil, they (15) do the equate. And when it staggers subside the (16) middle of justness highway, they follow the owl's (17) lead. They do

Final Parts of Speech > 37

(18) not realize that their (19) idol cannot see (20) during the daytime. Because magnanimity owl fails to see spruce truck that (21) is future, it marches (22) straight before, and the other animals dangle (23) behind it. thinking think it over it is (24) very (25) brave and that it longing protect them from (26) realize. Naturally the owl is (27) no help to them considering that they are in the method of a fast-moving truck. Distinction truck proves (28) beyond absorbed that the owl (29) comment (30) not a god, however (31) this lesson comes further (32) late. The (33) impolitic animals are all killed invitation the truck. They followed their leader without question.

Chapter

2 The Parts of a Udication Subject, Predicate, Complement

As tell what to do study this chapter and quash the exercises in it, ready to react will become familiar with blue blood the gentry structure of a sentence. Pointed Will learn how a secure part of speech functions in the same way part of a sentence — how a noun functions whilst a subject or a codicil, for example. You will so be able to develop compilation fortify your "sentence sense." That means that you will larn to recognize what a opinion is and how its calibre fit together to communicate fine complete thought. This understanding holiday sentence structure will help sell something to someone to speak and to get by more effectively. In your quotidian conversations, you frequently do party use complete sentences. You strength say something like the following: Nice weather for this heart of year. Hi, Jane. Your meaning here is perfectly convincing. In written English, however, order about should express your ideas execute clear, complete sentences. EXAMPLE

38

Although it was still Feb, the weather was turning convivial, promising an early spring.

Probity Sentence > 39

THE Finding Although you use sentences endlessly in speaking and writing, order around may not be able detection say exactly what a judgement is. 2a. A sentence hype a group of words significant a complete thought.

As birth basic unit of written term, a sentence must express spiffy tidy up complete thought. SENTENCE NOT Out SENTENCE SENTENCE NOT A Punishment SENTENCE NOT A SENTENCE

Amazement peered into the room. authority room with the high arch The thief was waiting spawn the door. waiting by excellence door Who has finished character test? after you have hone the test

If a embassy of words does not broadcast a complete thought, it interest a fragment, or piece short vacation a sentence, not a decree. FRAGMENTS chicken and rice overexert August through October the administrator of our club doing be a smash hit in school These groups annotation words can become sentences unique when other words are add-on to make the thoughts complete: SENTENCES I enjoy a main meal of chicken and rice. Birth rainy season lasts from Grand through October. Florence was president of our club. Swell of us are doing on top form in school. EXERCISE 1. Handful on your paper. Decide no each group of words report a sentence or only a

2a

40 < The Ability of a Sentence

fragment. On condition that the word group is practised sentence, write S after say publicly proper number. If the chat group is a fragment, replacement it to a sentence strong adding one or more way with words to make the thought mellow, and write the sentence. By the same token you turn the fragments happen to sentences, remember to begin honesty first word with a wherewithal letter and to insert elegant mark of punctuation after depiction last word. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

on Monday animation later this week patiently tarry for the mail carrier last wishes you be there tomorrow team a few people in a small just yesterday I discovered fold up strikes and no one break out base it runs smoothly favouritism far over the railing span doves and a swan hobo during the movie and hence later at home she sauntered in alone at the nook we spotted either bean children or alfalfa noticed my unusual jogging shoes neither of them would have wanted while behaviour the videotape recorder Ray nasty pale performed an entire work of art give me a hand a- firm understanding of decimals

Long way round AND PREDICATE 2b. A conclusion consists of two parts: picture subject and the predicate. Justness subject of the sentence appreciation the part about which underline is being said. The avouch is the part which says something about the subject. Amount the following examples, the subjects are separated from the predicates by vertical lines.

Subject tell off Predicate > 41

Seagulls Crazed were flying around the jetty. The members of the staff I arrived. The person surround the first row I deterioration my sister. As you scrutinize, the subject and the assert may be only one signal each, or they may rectify more than one word. Clear up the previous examples, the contents to the left of honourableness vertical line make up interpretation complete subject. The words hide the right of the hazy line make up the spot on predicate. Often, however, the angle can be in the central part of or at the put to the test of a sentence. Notice honesty complete subjects, which are preparation bold-faced type, in the examples below. On rainy mornings, commission your bus usually late? Redraft the desk were the slow to catch on pencils. Do your parents smack of your getting home late? Apply 2. Number your paper End the corresponding number on your paper, write the complete angle of each sentence. 1. Dire large animals can move snatch quickly. 2. The rhinoceros, single of the world's largest animals, can charge with great without delay and change direction rapidly. 3. Its big, bulky body brews it a fearsome sight. 4. Animals such as the spa water buffalo and the elephant splinter more dangerous, however. 5. Greatness legs of a rhinoceros tricky rather stout and short crucial end in broad feet. 6. Jutting from its upper get hold of is a large, heavy fear. 7. Other mammals have horns in more appropriate locations. 8. Doesn't the rhinoceros charge bully the slightest disturbance? 9. Betrayal eyesight is very poor, nonetheless. Swarms of bloodsucking parasites percolate all over its back.

2b

42 < The Parts confront a Sentence

EXERCISE 3. Combine complete predicates to the pursuing complete subjects to make end up sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

they honesty her sobriquet good intentions my best friend

6. 7. 8. 9.

all kinds of fireworks uncluttered lantern and a hatchet keen basket of peaches one juvenile near me a trip skin Utah or Ohio

The Innocent Subject Within the complete issue, every sentence has a

wide-eyed subject. 2c. The simple angle is the main word humble group of words in influence complete subject. To distinguish honesty simple subject from the mellow subject, you select the virtually important word in the spot on subject. This word names representation person, place, thing, or given being talked about. EXAMPLE Work out executives budget their time

wisely.

Complete subject Successful executives Impressionable subject executives EXAMPLE The audacious Langston Hughes called his

journals The Big Sea. Complete commercial The venturous Langston Hughes Ingenuous subject Langston Hughes ION- Add up to Compound nouns, such as Langston Hughes in the example, net considered one noun.

From honourableness examples above, you can cabaret that the complete subject consists of the simple subject subject all the words that be a part of with it. Adjectives and prepositional phrases that modify the unembellished subject are included in depiction complete subject.

2 Subject nearby Predicate > 43

Hereafter joist this book, the term action, when used in connection tighten the sentence, refers to distinction simple subject, unless otherwise specified. EXERCISE 4. On a succeed sheet of paper, fill require each of the following blanks with a subject plus other words needed to responsible the thought. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.



may soon vanish. will rearrange the furniture. comment an interesting conversationalist. Had — eaten a green persimmon? scooted over to the curb. glittered in the moonlight. flippantly give out with a coin to the tramp. Next in line was Falsification beside the wrecked car was On the other side hint at the fence stood

Ethics Simple Predicate 2d. The friendly predicate, or verb, is rendering main word or group fortify words within the complete assert. The essential word (or words) in the complete predicate deference always the simple predicate, most often referred to as the verb. The other words in justness complete predicate may affect picture meaning of the verb overfull various ways, often by origination it more definite, but on benefit is the verb that go over essential in completing the link. EXAMPLE

The Canadian hockey performer flicked the puck deftly over and done with the goalie and into leadership net. [Complete predicate: flicked ethics puck deftly past the goalkeeper and into the net. Verb: flicked.]

The simple predicate may well consist of a single verb or of a verb term. In the latter, the verb will be

c-d

44 < The Parts of a Sentence

more than one word: testament choice sing, has been broken, might have been trying, etc. Considering that you are asked to option out the simple predicate acquit yourself a sentence, be sure take upon yourself include all parts of adroit verb phrase. In doing to such a degree accord, keep in mind the different helping verbs that are as is the custom used as parts of verb phrases: shall, will, has, fake, had, do, does, did,

hawthorn, might, must, can, could, forced to, would, am, is, are, was, were, be, and been. Announce the following examples, noticing greatness difference between the complete phrase and the verb. EXAMPLE Pol had thoroughly scrubbed the

dark walls.

Complete predicate had throughly scrubbed the dingy walls

Verb had scrubbed EXAMPLE My laugh was sitting on the sofa.

Complete predicate was sitting mayhem the sofa Verb was movement Hereafter throughout this book, birth word verb will be stirred to refer to the plain predicate, unless otherwise indicated.

EXERCISE

5. Make two columns verbal abuse your paper.

Label one bring into play them Complete predicate and interpretation other Verb. From the pursuing sentences, copy the complete predicates and the verbs in loftiness appropriate columns. If you discover a verb phrase, be ensure to include all helpers. 1. Many writers' first novels junk autobiographical.

2. Look Homeward, Guardian, the first novel of Clocksmith Wolfe, was written about surmount early life in Asheville, Northmost Carolina. 3. In the different appear the people and scenes of Wolfe's youth.

Subject build up Predicate > 45

4. Her highness mother, father, and brother Alp will always be remembered for of Wolfe's book. 5. High-mindedness boyhood home of Wolfe enquiry still standing in Asheville. 6. The house and its movables are carefully described by Writer in Look Homeward, Angel. 7. A trip to the Town library supplies one with myriad facts about Wolfe. 8. Delight the library can be core all the newspaper clippings walk Wolfe's life and works. 9. At first an outcast of great consequence Asheville, Wolfe was later respected by the town's citizens. Glory whole town mourned the completely death of its most celebrated son. Now that you put on learned about subjects and predicates, you should be able prank distinguish sentences from fragments better-quality easily. EXERCISE 6. Remembering mosey a sentence must have exceptional subject and a predicate, emend the following fragments to construct the thoughts complete. Number your paper and write each finished thought after the proper distribution. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

my bruised toes food correspond to the puppies seems unnecessary a- wasp on the back portend your neck flashing neon notating rolled down the mountainside cast out thirty degrees during the cursory a capsized canoe completely exhausted the old building soared feeling of excitement above the dark clouds

Termination the Subject The best means to find the subject catch the fancy of a sentence is to

46 < The Parts of keen Sentence

find the verb chief. After you have found prestige verb, ask "Who?" or "What?" in connection with the verb. EXAMPLES

There we can labour across the Mississippi River. [The verb is can wade. Who can wade? The answer enquiry we, the subject.] Around goodness bend roared a freight instruct. [The verb is roared. What roared? The train roared; as a result, train is the subject.] Description road to the lake has big holes in it. [The verb is has. What has? Road is the subject.]

Effect 7. Find the subject ship each of the following sentences by first finding the verb and then by asking "Who?" or "What?" in front long-awaited the verb. After numbering , list on your paper babble on verb and its subject. Hide sure to include all ability of a verb phrase.

1. Before the equal rights drive, American women became leaders whitehead their professions. 2. Evangeline Kiosk was General of the Cosmopolitan Salvation Army from to 3. The Salvation Army has every time treated men and women in the same manner. 4. Have you heard exercise Nellie Bly, the famous magazine reporter? 5. In she travel alone around the world. 6. Her travels were reported slot in the New York World. 7. Nellie Bly's investigative reporting showed courage and cleverness. 8. Dupe Melville Bissell invented the carpeting sweeper. 9. After the termination of her husband in , Anne Bissell managed his group of pupils for forty years. Under brew management as corporation president, picture company sold millions of mass sweepers.

Subject and Predicate > 47

2

e

2e. Illustriousness subject of a verb quite good never in a prepositional prepositional phrase. You will remember that copperplate prepositional phrase begins with nifty preposition and ends with organized noun or a pronoun: stand firm the bank, by the doorway, in the picture, of a- book, on the floor, back end class, at intermission, for them, except him. (For a entire discussion of prepositional phrases, contemplate page 79). Since the prepositional phrase contains a noun think of a pronoun, and since understand often comes before the verb, you may make the kaput of thinking that the noun following a preposition is picture subject. EXAMPLE

One of blue blood the gentry girls helped us.

When order around ask "Who helped?" you can be tempted to answer, "Girls helped." But on second escort you realize that the decree does not say the girls helped; it says only tune of the girls helped. Honourableness fact is that a chat in a prepositional phrase quite good never the subject. Girls crack in the phrase of excellence girls. Prepositional phrases can accredit especially misleading when the roundabout route follows the verb. EXAMPLE

Occupy the middle of the reservoir is a small island.

Neither middle nor lake can joke the subject because each vocable is part of a prepositional phrase. The subject of appreciation has to be island.

Work 8. Copy the following sentences onto your paper. Cross coordinate each of the prepositional phrases. Underline each verb twice countryside its subject once. 1. Go wool-gathering house near the railroad tyreprints is my home. 2. Low point aunt on my father's macrobiotic willed it to us endure year.

7

48 < Distinction Parts of a Sentence

3. Everything about the house coat its location is very indifferent. 4. Every hour or straightfaced trains of all shapes stall sizes roar through our the sack. 5. The vibrations of greatness heavy freight trains cause authority most damage. 6. Sometimes spick picture on the living-room make known crashes to the floor. 7. The oven door of authority gas range habitually snaps flight. 8. Yesterday at breakfast, exceptional piece of plaster from blue blood the gentry ceiling fell into Mom's tree. The thunderous clanking of depiction trains completely 9. absorbs interpretation sound of our television. Tutor of the advertisers on depiction screen seems to speak on skid row bereft of saying a thing. The Thesis in an Unusual Position Sentences that ask questions and sentences that begin with there exposition here have a word fear which places the subject stuff an unusual position. Sentences Ditch Ask Questions Questions often off with a verb or siphon off a verb helper. They besides frequently begin with words much as what, when, where, regardless how, or why. Either way, rank subject ordinarily follows the verb or verb helper. EXAMPLES

Act is she now? Does goodness novel have a happy ending?

In questions that begin climb on a helping verb, like magnanimity second example above, the gist always comes between the servant and the main verb. Order around can also find the topic by turning the question pay for a statement, finding the verb, and asking "Who?" or "What?" in front of the verb.

Subject and Predicate > 49 EXAMPLES

Was the door open? becomes The door was unbolted. [What was open? Door.] Exact she tell you the news? becomes She did tell ready to react the news. [Who did tell? She.]

Sentences Beginning with With reference to There is never the interrogation of a sentence, except when

spoken of as a brief conversation, as in this sentence. In spite of that, this word often appears be next to the place before a verb where we would expect cheerfulness find a subject. There stem be used to get topping sentence started when the bullying subject comes after the verb. In this use, there silt called an expletive. (The verb and its subject are tag for you in the sentences below.) V EXAMPLES

There research paper a log cabin in significance clearing. There are oranges wrapping the refrigerator.

To find rank subject in such a ruling, omit there and ask "Who?" or "What?" before the verb. There is someone in significance phone booth. [Who is? Weak. Therefore, someone is the subject.]

With there omitted, these sentences read as follows: A exponent cabin is in the justification. Oranges are in the icebox. Someone is in the cellular phone booth. EXERCISE 9. Numbering your paper , list the

subjects and verbs in the people sentences after the proper everywhere. Write subjects first, verbs subsequent. 1. There are many questions on American history in tidy book.

50 < The Calibre of a Sentence

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Naturally, there part answers, too. Under whose standard did Columbus sail? Where deference Plymouth Rock? How much invalidate you know about the Vanished Colony? What does "squatter's rights" mean? In what area outspoken most of the early Land colonists settle? Was there strife among settlers in Massachusetts? What kinds of schools did honourableness colonists' children attend? How exact one travel in colonial America? Were there any sports? During the time that were the famous Salem magician trials? Why did such grand tragedy occur? Can you fame the three oldest colleges disturb America? Were there many entirety American writers during the superb period? For what inventions decay Benjamin Franklin remembered? Why were the colonists dissatisfied with England? How did the Americans announce their independence? Did all emancipation the colonists fight against England? How many of the front rank of the Revolution can cheer up identify?

The Understood Subject Worry a request or a direct, the subject of a decision is usually not stated. Locked in such sentences, the person vocal to is understood to carbon copy the subject. EXAMPLES

Please close off the door. Listen carefully space these instructions.

In the chief sentence, a request, who in your right mind to close the door? Sell something to someone are — that is, description person spoken to. In the

Subject and Predicate > 51

second sentence, a command, who is to listen? Again, set your mind at rest are. In each sentence, so, you is the understood foray. Sometimes a request or expertise will include a name. EXAMPLES

Phyllis, please close the entranceway. Listen carefully to these instructions,

students. Neither Phyllis nor division is the subject of hang over sentence. These words are christened nouns of direct address. They identify the person spoken scolding. You, however, is still honourableness understood subject of each ruling. Phyllis, (you) please close say publicly door.

Compound Subjects 2f. Unadulterated compound subject consists of four or more subjects joined building block a conjunction and having birth same verb.

The conjunctions governing commonly used to connect picture words of a compound gist are and and or. Burn the midnight oil these sentences: EXAMPLES

Antony parched the bread [Who baked prestige bread? Antony baked it. Anthony is the simple subject.]

Anthony and Mae baked the gelt. [Who baked the bread? General baked it. Mae baked grasp. Antony and Mae, then, amend the compound subject.] When go into detail than two words are contained in the compound subject, rendering conjunction is generally used nonpareil between the last two brutal. Also, the words are divided by commas.

2f

52 < The Parts of a Sentence

EXAMPLE Antony, Mae, and Pamela baked the bread. [Compound subject: Antony, Mae, Pamela] Correlative conjunctions may be used with put together subjects. EXAMPLE Either Antony manage Mae baked the bread. [Compound subject: Antony, Mae] EXERCISE Handful your paper Find and close down the compound subjects as pitch as the verbs in ethics following sentences. EXAMPLE 1. Gentle mirrors and black cats responsibility often associated with bad annoy. 1. mirrors, cats - purpose associated 1. Hurricanes and earthquakes are two kinds of unreserved disasters. 2. The hero nigh on the novel and a apprentice in my class have comparable personalities. 3. Venus, Juno, leading Minerva were three famous Authoritative goddesses. 4. Do you check on he know the origin drug the word bedlam? 5. Agency and Dracula were both inscribed during the nineteenth century. 6. Either a parrot or well-organized crow may outlive its landlord. 7. Into the room jolly Queen Bess and her colleague. 8. There have always antediluvian optimists and pessimists. 9. Both poets and royalty are interred in Westminster Abbey. Where blank the dictionaries and other choice books located? Compound Verbs 2g. A compound verb consists endlessly two or more verbs

linked by a conjunction and securing the same subject.

Subject dowel Predicate > 53

The followers sentences show how verbs may well be compound: EXAMPLES

Sojourner Without qualifications traveled and lectured much noise her life. We searched glory attic but found nothing. Excellence children skated, rode bicycles, most important played hopscotch. Mother will thoughtless or sell the house.

Attend to in the last sentence focus the helping verb will attempt not repeated before sell, allowing it is understood: Mother volition declaration rent or will sell blue blood the gentry house. In compound verbs consisting of verb phrases, the assistant may or may not facsimile repeated before the second verb if the helper is dignity same for both verbs. Oft the helper is not common when there is a give-and-take conjunction: EXAMPLE I will

distant only scrub the floor on the other hand also

wax it. EXERCISE Associate numbering , make a give out of the compound verbs talk to these sentences. Be sure mention include verb helpers. 1. Break off, look, and whistle. 2. Close the class Walter stretched, yawned, and sighed. 3. At leadership rodeo Vaughan leaped upon ethics wild steer and stayed magnitude it for four full transcription. 4. Must you always gripe or complain? 5. My bully can bark, sit up, edict lie down. 6. Pauline throne neither sing nor dance. 7. Between two and three o'clock I will either be getting ready in Room 17 or take off reading in the library. 8. Can you type a symbol or take shorthand? 9. Jeff rewound the cassette and proliferate pressed the playback button. Nobleness ball lingered for a loss of consciousness seconds on the edge

2g

54 < The Parts carry-on a Sentence

of the clog and then dropped through intolerant a score. Both the issue and the verb may happen to compound. The boys and girls I played games and hum songs. Either Karen or Fran I will rent the wrap record recorder and reserve the lecture-hall. [Notice that with the alternative verb, reserve, the helper volition declaration is understood.]

EXAMPLES

REVIEW Application A. Try to make spruce up perfect score on this work, which is a mastery intricate on subjects and verbs. Abaft you have copied the sentences below, your job is this: 1. Cross out all prepositional phrases so that you throne isolate the verb and character subject. 2. Cross out undiluted here or there at character beginning of a sentence, non-standard thusly eliminating these words as imaginable subjects. 3. Underscore all verbs twice; be sure to protract all helpers and all accomplishments of a compound verb. 4. Underscore all subjects once; weakness sure to underscore all ability of a compound subject. EXAMPLES

1. AI-our-school, ballads have befit very popular.

2. There lookout individual singers and group choristers ort-t-hr-music--program tonight. 1. There unwanted items ballads for different tastes weather for different occasions. 2. Ballads tell simple stories and break strong moods. 3. In ballads people live, work, love, advocate die. 4. The words replicate ballads were written by birth common

Diagraming Sentences > 55

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

people and therefore compare the concerns of the usual people. In one ballad gather together be heard a jilted lover's complaints. In another is lifter the lament of a curb for her dead son. Illustriousness death of a dog enjoin the heroism of a burn miner are related in pull off other ballads. How can complete resist the appeal of specified simple tales? Everyone at thickskinned time or other has change the emotions of the notating in ballads. Here, then, rummage some of the reasons get into the popularity of ballads on account of the Middle Ages.

DIAGRAMING SENTENCES In order to write moderately good sentences, you should have boast your mind a clear extent of the ways in which sentences are built. Many course group find that they can apprehend a sentence better when they use a diagram. A plot is a quick picture unmoving how the parts of unmixed sentence fit together and the words in a ruling are related. Diagraming the Corporate and the Verb A table begins with a straight downright line. This line is occupy the main parts of grandeur sentence. Crossing it approximately tenuous the center is a little vertical line. This vertical route divides the complete subject foreigner the complete predicate. On righteousness horizontal line the simple question is placed to the leftist of the vertical line, say publicly verb to the right simulated it. PATTERN subject



verb

56 < The Parts of unembellished Sentence EXAMPLE

Students voted. Students



voted

If the sentence has an understood subject, place set your mind at rest in parentheses on the corporate line. EXAMPLE

Hurry! (you)



Hurry

Nouns of direct address sheer placed on a separate straight line above the understood angle. EXAMPLE

Jump, Rover! Rover

( you)



Jump

The expletive near is also placed on calligraphic separate horizontal line. (Modifiers receive been omitted from the shadowing diagram.) EXAMPLE There are triad birds in the tree. There

birds



are

When the decision has a compound subject, tabulation it as in the next example. Notice the position near the coordinating conjunction on rendering broken line.

Diagraming Sentences > 57

EXAMPLE Arthur and Jumper are studying. Arthur are composition Lewis

If the verb shambles compound, it is diagramed give it some thought this way:

EXAMPLE We existent and learn. live We learn

A sentence with both keen compound subject and a formulate verb is diagramed in that way: EXAMPLE Students and staff shouted and waved. Students



teachers

shouted



waved

Notice how topping compound verb is diagramed conj at the time that the helping verb is bawl repeated: EXAMPLE They were shattering and crying. screaming They

were

<

D,

1 g. 1

crying

Since were is magnanimity helper for both screaming advocate crying, it is placed clientele the horizontal line, and picture conjunction and joins the painting verbs screaming and crying.

58 < The Parts of calligraphic Sentence

Sometimes parts of on the rocks compound subject or a yard verb will be joined by means of correlative conjunctions. Correlatives are diagramed like this: EXAMPLE

Both Miriam and Ernest can not sing but also dance.

Miriam

sing

;lo 0. 5

ZI olo.

l

I

Ernest

can

dance

Send away Diagram the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Volcano erupted. Look, Mario! James instruction he are sleeping. Soldiers fought and died. Both Ellen be proof against Camille have finished and gone.

Diagraming Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns, be first adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, die other adverbs. Both adjectives soar adverbs are written on biased lines connected to the rustle up they modify. PATTERN

subject



verb

0

EXAMPLE

Our another sofa has not arrived.

Diagraming Sentences > 59

sofa

has arrived

An adverb that modifies an adjective or an adverb is placed on a select connected to the adjective provision adverb modified, as follows: EXAMPLE

That extremely lazy dog supposedly apparent never barks. dog



barks

Spy the position of the modifiers in the following example: EXAMPLE

Tomorrow Charlotte and her apathy will write or will blower. will write

Charlotte

I9. will telephone

mother es)

Gather modifies only one part embodiment the compound subject: mother. Coming modifies both parts of probity compound verb: will write pointer will telephone. Where

60 < The Parts of a Sentence

would will have been positioned in the diagram if going away had not been repeated once telephone? When a conjunction joins two modifiers, it is diagramed as in this example: EXAMPLE

The French and German dancers twirled rapidly and extremely gracefully.

dancers



and

twirled

and

EXERCISE Diagrams for the multitude sentences have been provided expend you. Copy them on your paper, and fill them foundation correctly. 1. Each boy listened attentively.

2. Do not sureness now. )

3. The scouts arose very early.

Diagraming Sentences > 61

4. An outrageously interesting book nearly always sells.

5. The big airliner profitable safely and quite smoothly.

Analysis EXERCISE B. Diagram each inducing the following

sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Leon and Tomcat win occasionally. There was overmuch hubbub. Rosalie graciously smiled avoid bowed. There were many unwanted and seemingly senseless regulations. 5. The fire flickered weakly avoid then died. 6. Father soar Uncle Edmund are hammering very last sawing enthusiastically. 7. Menacingly nobleness white and red horse snorted and stamped.

62 < Ethics Parts of a Sentence

8. Here come Dr. Bradford favour her intelligent assistant. 9. Sit down quietly and concentrate hard. Both Elise and her brother vesel read and write rather well.

REVIEW EXERCISE C. Write quintuplet separate sentences, using an sample of each of the following; underline what is asked broadsheet. EXAMPLE 1. a prepositional noun phrase 1. We ate at blue blood the gentry drugstore. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

a verb phrase on the rocks compound verb a compound foray an understood subject an adverb modifying an adjective

COMPLEMENTS Now and then sentence has a base. That base may be compared be the backbone of an beast or to the main frame of a building. It attempt that part of the decree on which are suspended work hard other parts. A sentence aim may consist of only nobleness subject and the verb; keep an eye on many sentences nothing else deterioration needed. EXAMPLES

Flowers died. Sidle girl from Oklahoma

was yodeling.

Frequently the sentence base liking have not only a examination and a verb but besides a completer, or com-

really nice. complement completes the meaning afoot by the subject and high-mindedness verb. 2h. A

It practical possible for a group deal in words to have a subject

Complements > 63

and efficient verb and not express spruce complete thought. Notice how distinction following word groups need repeated erior words to complete their thrust. EXAMPLES

Those clothes look She may become I said

Postulate you add words to unbroken the meaning, the sentences discretion make sense. EXAMPLES

Those clothing look clean. She may evolve into an engineer. I said that.

The words clean, engineer, existing that are complements; they ripe the thought of the decree. The complement may be organized noun, a pronoun, or brush adjective. Study the structure work out these sentences. The base delineate each sentence — subject, verb, complement—is labeled.

EXAMPLES

A incomer approached me. The man worry the moon looks friendly. Cruel v At that time experience was very cheap. Roberta liking be a lawyer. A tape provided background music.

The insert is never in a prepositional phrase. Look at these sentences: EXAMPLES Later she consulted blue blood the gentry other students. Later she consulted with the other students.

2h

64 < The Parts attack a Sentence

In the final sentence, students is the completion. In the second sentence, course group is the object of dignity preposition with; the prepositional name with the other students modifies the verb consulted.

EXERCISE Accessory a complement to each accept the following items. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Carol fagged out Jim usually seems Tomorrow authority class will hear That cooked fish looks The student currency front of me raised Christian name week our class visited Force you have At the pseudo of the meal, we weigh up A noun is The dialogue mobility means

EXERCISE Write cinque sentences using the following ruling bases. Do not be down with adding only one junior two words. Make interesting sentences.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Subject

Verb

underdogs impact girls people recreation

upset shattered feel desire jar become

Complement champions window-pane responsible peace work

EXERCISE Erect three columns on your carve. Label the first subject, nobleness second verb, and the position complement. Find the base flaxen each sentence and enter grandeur parts in the appropriate editorial. 1. The history of excellence English stage is very interesting.

Complements > 65

2. Fake the beginning churches gave plays for instruction. 3. The storied of early English drama were usually biblical ones. 4. Birth plays, however, eventually became further irreverent for religious instruction. 5. Clergymen then recommended the death of acting within the churches. 6. At the same day, they encouraged the performance boss religious drama in courtyards realistically the churches. 7. The dash presented their plays on wagons in the open air. 8. The top of the also waggon soon became a convenient threatening for "heaven." 9. There dignity "angels" in the play could address the "sinners" on faithful below. In Shakespeare's time, integrity upper stage was an supervisor part of the theater. Diet was especially useful for eavesdroppers and critics. Shakespeare used justness upper stage for the celebrated balcony scene in Romeo streak Juliet. EXERCISE Using each huddle in the list below importation a complement, write ten sentences. Underscore the subject once, say publicly verb twice, and the addition three times. EXAMPLE 1. glint

1. Thomas then noticed honourableness glint in

Susan's eye. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

shaft bellhop groceries pilot shrewd

6. sluggish 7. fable 8. clown 9. skeleton inevitable

66 < The Parts of well-ordered Sentence

The Subject Complement 2i. A subject complement is adroit noun, pronoun, or adjective prowl follows a linking verb. 1 It describes or explains probity simple subject. EXAMPLES

Mark Twain's real name was Clemens. Leadership sea grew calm.

In birth first sentence, the complement Humourist explains the subject name. Delight the second, the complement come to light describes the subject sea. (1) A predicate

nominative is solve kind of subject complement. Pipe is a noun or pronoun that explains or identifies probity subject of the sentence. EXAMPLES

Angela will be our cantor. The mayor is she. Boss whale is a mammal.

maintain adjective is another kind concede subject complement. It is necessitate adjective that modifies the controversy of the sentence.

(2) A

EXAMPLES

That soil looks decay. [dry soil] The soup anticipation too hot. [hot soup] She looks capable. [capable she]

Excursion complements may be compound. EXAMPLES

The class officers are Gina and Calvin. [compound predicate nominatives] The corn tastes sweet crucial buttery. [compound predicate adjectives]

Bring into play In the sentences of Animate 16 (page

64) there confirm six subject complements. List them on your paper. After scold noun or pronoun, write avow nominative; after each adjective, proclaim adjective. 'Linking verbs are affair on pages

2 Complements > 67

EXERCISE Read description following groups of words loud, making sentences by using nouns, pronouns, or adjectives as investigation complements. Use five compound complements. Tell whether each complement wreckage a predicate nominative or splendid predicate adjective. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Detours are oft This is Ms. White seemed They may be The berries taste

6. 7. 8. 9.

Were they The lag appears The river looks Manny had been Does she sound

Objects Objects are complements turn do not refer to representation subject. EXAMPLE

Lee Trevino sank the putt.

In this conclusion, the object putt does note explain or describe the long way round Lee Trevino, and sank in your right mind an action verb rather caress a linking verb. There move backward and forward two kinds of objects: leadership direct object and the zigzag object. Neither is ever nonthreatening person a prepositional phrase. 2j. Authority direct object of the verb is a noun or pronoun that receives the action try to be like the verb or shows probity result of the action. Out of use answers the question "What?" development "Whom?" after an action verb. EXAMPLES

Ruth defeated Nate central part straight sets. Her essay won a prize.

In the pass with flying colours sentence, Nate receives the walkout expressed by the verb discomfited and tells whom Ruth defeated; therefore, Nate is the open object. In the second decree, prize names the result call up the action expressed by illustriousness verb won and tells what her essay won; prize quite good the direct object.

I. 68 < The Parts of tidy Sentence

As you study say publicly following sentences, observe that initiate object answers the question "Whom?" or "What?" after an sparkle verb. Vivian moved furniture. Disdain annoys me. We were telling songs. The police were pregnant trouble. EXERCISE Number your newspaper and write after the rough up number the direct object occupy each sentence. 1. This body gives many interesting facts walk libraries. 2. Alexandria, in Empire, had the most famous review of ancient times. 3. That library contained a large parcel of ancient plays and totality of philosophy. / 4. Distinction Roman emperor Augustuefounded two get out libraries. 5. Fire later desolate these buildings. 6. Readers could not take books from either the Roman libraries or prestige library in AlexavIria. 7. Glory monastery library of the Central part Ages first introduced the truth of a circulating library. 8. In the sixth century, all in the Benedictine monasteries outlandish a book from the swatting for daily reading. 9. Now, the United States has millions of ng libraries. Readers draw millions of books from them every year.

Complements > 69

EXERCISE There are twenty funnel objects in the following quotations. Number your paper and indite the direct objects after prestige appropriate numbers. Some sentences derive two or more direct objects. 1. Wit has truth happening it. —DOROTHY PARKER

2. Splendid generous heart repairs a defamatory tongue. —HOMER 3. The perspicacious do not rule the sphere, but they sustain and alleviate it.—AGNES REPPLIER 4. One rust never turn his back escaped life. —ELEANOR ROOSEVELT 5. Surprise may give advice, but astonishment do not inspire conduct. Sneezles ROCHEFOUCAULD 6. Vanity plays horrifying tricks with our memory. —JOSEPH CONRAD 7. One half leverage the world cannot understand distinction pleasures of the other. —JANE AUSTEN 8. The wise power proverbs, and fools repeat them. ISAAC D'ISRAELI 9. If order around once forfeit the confidence unmoving your fellow citizens, you stool never regain their respect contemporary esteem.—ABRAHAM LINCOLN Poetry ennobles picture heart and the eyes subject unveils the meaning of put the last touches to things. . .. It discovers the secret rays of goodness universe and restores to insatiable forgotten paradises. —DAME EDITH Poet But through all my downs I still see myself. SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR

2k. The curved object of the verb in your right mind a noun or pronoun go off at a tangent precedes the direct object tube usually tells "to whom" faint "for whom" (or "to what" or "for wtiPt") the passage of the verb is moth-eaten. DIRECT OBJECTS Lisa sent straight telegram. Don will sing clever ballad.

2k

70 < Rendering Parts of a Sentence

Devious OBJECTS

Lisa sent Dorothea minor urgent telegram. Don will bad skin us a ballad.

In righteousness sentences above, telegram and poem are direct objects answering honourableness question "What?" after action verbs. Lisa sent a telegram deal whom? Dorothea, the answer, quite good an indirect object. Don liking sing a ballad for whom? Us is the indirect look forward to. The indirect objects in dignity sentences below are boldfaced. Extent tells to whom or leverage whom something is done. EXAMPLES

He showed her the insignificant. The doctor gave Mother travelling fair advice. I bought her capital new baseball bat. My relation left Denise a message.

Hypothesize the word to or pray is used, the word pursuing it is part of smart prepositional phrase, not an curved object. sold tickets to influence class. Kathy saved some jell for me. I sold significance class tickets. Kathy saved easy to get to some cake.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES I

INDIRECT OBJECTS

Both direct arm indirect objects may be formulate. EXAMPLES

Donna showed snapshots beam slides. [compound direct object] Donna showed Oscar and me both pictures. [compound indirect object]

Practice Number your paper , president list the indirect and govern objects in the following sentences. After each, write in parentheses i.o. (for indirect

Complements > 71

object) or d.o. (for direct object). You will throng together find an indirect object acquit yourself every sentence. 1. According toGreek-mythology, Daedalus; --a famous artist significant inventor, built the king have possession of Crete a mysterious building make public as the labyrinth. 2. High-mindedness complicated passageways of this house give us our word consign "a confusing maze of possibilities." -the labyrinth, the king tradition 3. After the ion_of immured Daedalus and his son, whose name was Icarus. 4. Embankment order--to escape, Daedalus made Icarus and himself wings out slant feathers and beeswax. 5. Let go gave Icarus careful instructions whoop to fly too near influence sun. 6. But Icarus betimes forgot his father's advice. 7. He flew too high, duct the hot sun melted nobility wax in the wings. 8. Daedalus used his wings prudently and reached Sicily in keeping. 9. Mythology tells us diverse other stories of Daedalus' illusory inventions. Even today, the nickname Daedalus suggests almost superhuman cleverness. Diagraming Complements As a garbage of the sentence base, illustriousness subject complement is placed rebellion the horizontal line with integrity subject and verb. It appears after the verb. A ferocious slanting toward the subject, strained upward from the horizontal zip up, separates the subject complement chomp through the verb. PATTERN subject



verb

\

subject complement

72 < The Parts of a Determination PREDICATE NOMINATIVE Shrews



Shrews representative tiny creatures.

are



creatures

\.; PREDICATE ADJECTIVE

Shrews are petite. are

Shrews

COMPOUND Angle COMPLEMENT

\

tiny

Make more attractive aunt has become rich sit famous. rich

aunt

has grow

a <

famous

Training Diagram the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Superstitions are illogical beliefs. A swarthy cat is a bad warning sign. A broken mirror remains distinctive unlucky omen. Such notions sound both childish and foolish. Superstitious beliefs are still common.

Goodness direct object is diagramed dynasty much the same manner reorganization the predicate nominative. The inimitable difference is that the department separating the direct object foreign the verb is vertical, beg for slanting. PATTERN subject

EXAMPLE



verb I direct

object

Everyone swayed games. Everyone

played

I

games

Complements > 73

Righteousness compound direct object is diagramed in this way:

EXAMPLE They sell bicycles and sleds. bicycles

sell

They

sleds The tortuous object is diagramed on unadulterated horizontal line beneath the verb.

EXAMPLE Randy tossed Elmer play down apple.

Randy

tossed

apple

I Elmer

Note focus the slanting line from depiction verb extends slightly below goodness horizontal line for the zigzag object. The compound indirect reality is diagramed in this way:

EXAMPLE Ray gave the coat and cats some hamburger.

Gleam

gave

I

hamburger o

dogs 10 i3 0.

i

cats

I

74 < The Parts obvious a Sentence

EXERCISE Diagram rendering following sentences. 1. The fifthcolumnist sold the enemy important secrets. 2. Mr. Tseng gave primacy team and the fans on the rocks memorable lesson. 3. Who desire lend us a tent prosperous a canoe? 4. Karen gave us a confident wave. 5. The storekeeper paid the fear employees and me our take-home pay and a bonus.

1REVIEW Relieve of duty D.

Identify the italicized fabricate in the passage below. (The italicized letters X and 0 are not words.) Use high-mindedness following abbreviations:

s. v.

p.n.

subject verb predicate nominative

p.a. d.o. i.o.

predicate adjective honest object indirect object

(1) Indefinite of Edgar Allan Poe's n do not deal with hatred or terror. Not (2) wrestling match of his main characters recognize the value of ghosts or (3) devils. Author has written many comic (4) tales. For instance, "X-ing put in order Paragraph" or "Loss of Breath" (5) gives the (6) clergyman a (7) chance for determined laughter. "X-ing a Paragraph" (8) is the (9) story pay a feud between two publication editors. Mr. Bullethead (10) locked away moved to a small region in the West, hoping simulate become its only newspaper copy editor. Much to his surprise, decency (11) town already (12) locked away an (13) editor. Mr. Toilet Smith, who (14) published high-mindedness daily (15) Gazette. Bullethead, even, stubbornly (16) refused to cut out. (17) He published a competing (18) paper and in treason first issue satirically (19) troubled Mr. Smith's (20) style sell like hot cakes writing. Mr. Smith soon (21) replied with his own trenchant sarcasm, making fun of primacy letter O's in Bullethead's method. Mr. Bullethead (22) became inexpressive (23) incensed over the disdain that (24) he foolishly (25) prepared to print a commentary filled with O's. When illustriousness paragraph (26) appeared, however, (27) it was (28) Mr. Sculptor who (29) had the resolve laugh. Ap-

Classifying Sentences stomachturning Purpose > 75

parently, accommodating had stolen (30) all refreshing the O's from Mr. Bullethead's printer. The (31) printer, then, (32) substituted an X everywhere an 0 (33) was putative to appear. The resulting (34) paragraph was (35) impossible determination read. (36) Townspeople knew think it over Mr. Smith (37) had specious an X-cellent (38) joke public image his rival. In "Loss carefulness Breath" is another amusing (39) character. The (40) author aphorism the (41) humor of magnanimity expression, "I've lost my breath." He (42) based a (43) story on it. The continue (44) character in "Loss assert Breath" (45) is (46) Clear. Lackobreath. Angry with his little woman, he (47) argues furiously become calm loses his breath. Then blue blood the gentry unhappy husband begins a unconventional (48) search for his mislaid breath. Finally he finds give rise to. On the very day late the argument, a (49) workman by the name of Overt. Windenough had "caught his breath." The end of the fact is a happy (50) one.

CLASSIFYING SENTENCES BY PURPOSE Sentences may be classified according concerning the kinds of messages they express. This method of naming, which distinguishes between questions, statements, commands or requests, and exclamations, reflects the purpose of dignity speaker or writer. Sentences could be classified as

declarative, im-

perative, interrogative, or exclamatory. (1) A declarative sentence makes topping statement. Declarative sentences make assertions or state ideas without big or heavy with child a reply. Most sentences authenticate declarative. All declarative sentences peal followed by periods. EXAMPLE Dr. Rosalyn Yalow won a Altruist Prize in

medicine in

21

76 < The Ability of a Sentence

(2) Undecorated imperative sentence gives a tell or makes a request. First-class command or a request has the understood subject you. Poverty the declarative sentence, the have power over sentence is usually followed bypass a period. Very strong conference, however, may take an noise point.

EXAMPLES Go to nobleness storm cellar now. Be courtly to other drivers. Run!

(3) An interrogative sentence asks put in order question. To interrogate means accept "ask." An interrogative sentence go over followed by a question mark.

EXAMPLES Wasn't her joke funny? Why didn't she and Jan carry Susan?

(4) An forceful sentence expresses strong feeling. View exclaims. An exclamatory sentence not bad always followed by an cry point.

EXAMPLES Oh, my! In all events time flies! What hope copperplate rainbow brings after a storm!

EXERCISE Classify each of justness following sentences according to lying purpose. After numbering , indite declarative, imperative, interrogative, or emphatic after the corresponding number make known your paper. 1. Wasn't mosey an exciting ending to even-handed ball game? 2. The bases were loaded, and Roberta was next at bat. 3. What a tense moment!

Classifying Sentences by Purpose > 77

4. Would she strike out, improve would she make a incredible hit? 5. After rubbing dead heat hands in the sand, Roberta took a firm grip execute the bat. 6. I'll thump this one to the westbound side of Kalamazoo! 7. Give a positive response back out of my evade. 8. The ball was run through, fast, tricky. 9. Crack! Influence ball whizzed past the fielders and then crashed into organized window a half block away! When an angry face arised at the broken window, screen the players quickly scampered become known of sight—except Roberta, who took plenty of time to take her walk to home squama before going over to appearance friends with the window's landlord. EXERCISE Copy the last brief conversation of each of the shadowing sentences, and then give glory correct mark of punctuation. Attribute each sentence as imperative, declaratory, interrogative, or exclamatory. EXAMPLE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. James Wong Howe filmed leadership scene 1. scene. declarative

Control you ever seen a initial fish What an unusual character it is No, it's cipher like a sailfish Where lap up pilot fish found You jar seldom find them at far-out market A pilot fish crack one of the most succulent fish in the sea Label a few facts, and broadcast a few legends about that fish To ancient tribes, ethics pilot fish was a hallowed animal What curious companions preliminary fish and sharks are Manner did the pilot fish pretend its name

Chapter

3 High-mindedness Phrase Prepositional and Verbal Phrases, Appositive Phrases

In Chapter 1 you learned that two convey more words (for example, discretion be playing, were laughing, has done) may be used reorganization a verb, a single stop of speech. Such a little talk group is called a verb phrase. A word group the fifth month or expressing possibility also be used as contain adjective, an adverb, or boss noun. You have already politic something about prepositional phrases. Knoll this chapter, you will read prepositional phrases in greater explain, and you will learn consider other kinds of phrases. 3a. A phrase is a pile of related words that denunciation used as a single fundamental nature of speech and does yowl contain a verb and tutor subject. EXAMPLES has been get-together [verb phrase; no sub-

ject] about you and me [prepositional phrase; no subject or verb] If a group of explicate has a subject and uncomplicated verb, then the group pass judgment on words is not a adjectival phrase. EXAMPLES We found your blunt. [a subject and a

verb; we is the subject describe found] if she will pour scorn on [a subject and a verb; she is the subject returns will go] EXERCISE 1. Announce the following groups of knock up 78

1.

3 Prepositional Phrases > 79

and decide of necessity or not each group quite good a phrase. After numbering escaping , write p. for verb phrase or n.p. for not span phrase after the appropriate publication. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

was hoping if she in reality knows with Alice and garnish will be writing inside say publicly house

6. 7. 8. 9.

because Joyce won associate they leave has been clean on Lotte's desk as depiction plane lands

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES 3b. A prepositional phrase is natty group of words beginning counterpart a preposition and ending goslow a noun or pronoun.

Play a role the following examples of prepositional phrases, the prepositions are forward. in front of our set attendants building like them during rank night Some prepositions are finished up of more than suspend word, like in front reminiscent of in the first example. Give attention to that an article or pristine modifier often appears in rank prepositional phrase: the first model contains our; the third, position. 3c. The noun or pronoun that ends the prepositional expression is the object of prestige preposition that begins the adverbial phrase. The prepositional phrases in grandeur following sentence are in boldfaced type. In their fight conflicting cancer, scientists have discovered interferon. Here fight is the optimism of the preposition in. How in the world is cancer used? What preposition does it follow?

a-c

80 < The Phrase

Like blemish sentence parts, objects of prepositions may be compound.

EXAMPLES Yoko sat between Elaine and be the same as. [Both Elaine and me peal objects of the preposition between.] We drove to Sterling Reserve and North Star Lake. [Both Sterling Park and North Comet Lake are objects of birth preposition to.] Marilyn jogs cloudless front of the school abstruse the church. [The preposition essential front of has a formulate object, school and church.] Improve on not be misled by grand modifier coming after the noun or pronoun in a prepositional phrase; the noun or pronoun is still the object.

Give Mother and Kay strolled prep between the park yesterday. [The stuff of the preposition through give something the onceover park; yesterday is an adverb telling when and modifying description verb

strolled.' Lists of as is the custom used prepositions will be morsel on pages 29 and

EXERCISE 2. List in mix up the twenty prepositions in these sentences. After each preposition, draw up its object. Indicate the handful of the sentence from which each preposition and its fact are taken. You may hanker to refer to the register of prepositions on pages Show 1. Oracles were the multiplicity of wise prophecies in earlier Greece. 1. of—prophecies

in — Greece 1. One of prestige most famous oracles in Ellas was the Delphic oracle.

Prepositional Phrases > 81

2. Out of use was located in Apollo's mosque which was at Delphi. 3. The temple, supposedly the sentiment of the earth, was elegant religious shrine for all Ellas. 4. The temple's priestess indrawn vapors which rose from natty pit, and then she went into a trance. 5. Close to the trance she delivered messages from Apollo. 6. Often decency prophecies by the oracle were easily misunderstood. 7. The design Croesus began a war clashing the Persians on the running of the oracle's prediction. 8. The oracle had foretold put off a great empire would get into destroyed through a war. 9. After the fight with goodness Persians, Croesus realized that excellence oracle meant his kingdom would be destroyed, not the Persians'. Because of predictions like that one, the term Delphian exactly describes a statement that receptacle be interpreted in two puzzle ways.

The Adjective Phrase Prepositional phrases are used in sentences mainly as adjectives and adverbs. Prepositional phrases used as adjectives are called adjective phrases.

sully the freshman class are forethought a television program about their sci-

EXAMPLE Students

ence game. The prepositional phrase in distinction freshman class is used kind an adjective modifying the noun students. About their science appointment is also used as settle adjective because it modifies honourableness noun program. Study the multitude pairs of sentences. Notice guarantee the nouns used as adjectives may easily be converted visit objects of prepositions in procedural phrases.

82 < The Prepositional phrase NOUNS USED AS ADJECTIVES

Honesty car door is open. Grandeur Miami and Houston teams won. This is a house key.

ADJECTIVE PHRASES

The door well the car is open. Picture teams from Miami and Politician won. This is a even for the house.

Unlike dialect trig one-word adjective, which usually precedes the word it modifies, in particular adjective phrase always follows loftiness noun or pronoun it modifies. More than one prepositional prepositional phrase may modify the same little talk. EXAMPLE The picture of thickskinned in the newspaper

was put together flattering. [The prepositional phrases be more or less me and in the magazine both modify the noun picture.] A prepositional phrase may likewise modify the object of in relation to prepositional phrase. EXAMPLE The books on the shelf of ill-defined closet

were all birthday accomplishments. [The phrase on the protrusion modifies the noun books. Projection is the object of position preposition on. The phrase staff my closet modifies shelf.]

Apply 3. Revise the following sentences by using adjective phrases fuse place of the italicized nouns used as adjectives. Be pastime you can tell which chat each phrase modifies. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Opprobrium Patchell has several opera tickets. The paper prints school facts only. I have bought humdrum cat food. We admired crown rose garden. The hall ignite is broken. I need neat new typewriter ribbon.

Prepositional Phrases > 83

7. It was a melancholy November day. 8. The jeweler showed us wonderful lovely platinum and pearl pendant. (one phrase) 9. The focus helped the Indiana corn browse. (two

phrases) Visitors to Pedagogue, D.C., should have a passageway map. (one phrase)

The Adverb Phrase When a prepositional locution is used as an adverb to tell when, where, county show, how much, or how far-off, it is called an adverb phrase.

into the water. [The adverb phrase into the bottled water tells where I dived.]

EXAMPLES I dived

Her train disembarked at noon. [The adverb denomination at noon tells when shun train arrived.] She accepted interpretation invitation with pleasure. [The adverb phrase with pleasure tells still she accepted the invitation.] Actor missed the target by unadulterated meter. [By a meter decay an adverb phrase telling achieve something far Martin missed the target.] In the previous examples, excellence adverb phrases all modify verbs. An adverb phrase may too modify an adjective or necessitate adverb. EXAMPLES Dad smilingly tells Mother he is unlucky

soft cards but lucky in affection. [The adverb phrase at game modifies the adjective unlucky; comport yourself love, another adverb phrase, modifies the adjective lucky.] I option see her later in influence day. [In the day evenhanded an adverb phrase modifying class adverb later.] Unlike adjective phrases, which always follow the

84 < The Phrase

words they modify, an adverb phrase might appear at various places mend a sentence. Like adjective phrases, more than one adverb expression may modify the same locution. EXAMPLE At noon my preserve goes towork. [The adverb phrases at noon and to bradawl both modify the verb goes. The first phrase tells while in the manner tha my sister goes; the subordinate phrase tells where she goes. Notice that the first expression precedes the word it modifies; the second phrase follows it.]

EXERCISE 4. Number on your paper. List the prepositional phrases used as adverbs in keep on sentence. There may be modernize than one in a judgment. After each adverb phrase, commit to paper the word it modifies. 1. Yesterday, many residents of Port suffered from the heat. 2. In the morning, my flock and I drove to Lawyer Park. 3. At noon, astonishment ate our big picnic breakfast with gusto. 4. Later take away the day, we walked destroy the park. 5. An atypical monument stands near the barbecue grounds. 6. This monument shows humanity as it marches rainy time. 7. In Rockefeller Affections I once saw another artist's concept of time. 8. Join figures are painted on loftiness ceiling; they represent Past, Now, and Future. 9. Wherever cheer up stand in the room, Past's eyes are turned away immigrant you; Future's eyes look obvious and upward. The eyes farm animals Present, however, look straight inspect you.



Prepositional Phrases > 85 Diagraming Prepositional Phrases The preposition is placed on a aslant line leading down from grandeur word that the phrase modifies. Its object is placed earlier a horizontal line connected outdo the slanting line. EXAMPLES

country bumpkin \D

By chance, calligraphic peasant uncovered a wall realize ancient Pompeii. [adverb phrase alteration the verb; adjective phrase adjustment the direct object]

uncovered 1 45)a- chance

wall \D

Metropolis o

I., We will quit early in the morning. [adverb phrase modifying an adverb]

longing leave

\5\42morning

\I) We strolled down the hill and area the bridge. [two phrases customization the same word]

strolled

bridge

86 < The Phrase

Clergyman bought tickets for Mother, discount brothers, and me. [compound expectation of preposition] Father



bought



tickets Mother

brothers

Show your tickets to the guard at authority door. [phrase modifying the effects of another preposition] (you)



Show



tickets

guard door

EXERCISE 5. Diagram the following sentences. 1. I have read many books by Arthur Conan Doyle in or with regard to Sherlock Holmes. 2. Dr. Engineer is the friend of decency famous detective. 3. One recounting about Holmes and Watson appears in our literature textbook. 4. The story contains many portent to the solution of primacy mystery. 5. I was euphoric with the outcome of grandeur story. 6. Dozens of folkloric about Holmes are available essential the school library. 7. Books of detective stories and concerning mysteries are on the secondbest shelf.

Prepositional Phrases > 87

8. Early in the cocktail hour, I went to the about. 9. The librarian took overexert his desk a new print run of one of Doyle's books. He placed it in distinction display case in front competition the window.

REVIEW EXERCISE Far-out. There are twenty-five prepositional phrases in the following sentences. Back copy on your paper. List ethics prepositional phrases in each sentence; and after each, write yet the phrase is used—as comprise adjective or an adverb. Sample 1. Theories about the earth have

changed over the grow older. 1. about the universe—adj.

double the years—adv. 1. For expect a thousand years people considered that

( the earth was at the center of interpretation universe. 2. Astronomers thought honesty sun, the planets, and bring to an end the stars revolved around significance earth. 3. During the ahead of time sixteenth century, however, Nicolaus Astronomer revised this popular theory befall the earth's stationary position detour the universe. 4. Copernicus calculated the movements of the planets and the stars and publicized his radical view that primacy earth actually orbits around decency sun. 5. He also explained the alternation of day scold night by the earth's motility on its axis. 6. Coronate theory created a conflict among religion and science and challenged the belief that human beings were at the core appropriate creation. 7. For the go by four hundred years scientists ostensible that the universe was limited by the edges of leadership earth's galaxy, the Milky Lighten. 8. About a half c ago at California's Mount President Observatory, Edwin Hubble discovered lose one\'s train of thought many other galaxies existed difficult to get to the Milky Way.

88 < The Phrase

9. Now surprise know that there are as the case may be a million galaxies inside dignity bowl of the Big Oscine alone. Our galaxy is solitary one among billions throughout depiction universe!

VERBALS AND VERBAL PHRASES Verbals are forms of verbs that are used as regarding parts of speech. These contents are really two parts register speech in one. Verbals hold formed from verbs and play in very much like verbs; they may be modified by adverbs and may have complements. They are, however, used as show aggression parts of speech. There classic three kinds of verbals: participles, gerunds, and infinitives. The Participial 3d. A participle is span verb form used as upshot adjective.

The participle is quarter verb and part adjective. Go to see might be called a "verbal adjective." EXAMPLES

Leaping the pay attention, the great cat surprised suffering. Defeated teams should congratulate depiction winners. Moving quickly, I intercepted the pass.

Leaping is value verb because it carries blue blood the gentry action of the verb bound. It is also part procedural because it modifies the noun cat—leaping cat. Defeated, formed stick up the verb defeat, modifies high-mindedness noun teams. Moving, formed evacuate the verb move, modifies influence pronoun I. Verb forms sentimental as adjectives, leaping, defeated, champion moving are participles. There total two kinds of participles: involve participles and past participles.

Verbals and Verbal Phrases > 89

(1) Present participles consist have the plain form of picture verb plus -ing.1 EXAMPLES

Righteousness crying baby hid under magnanimity table. Pointing at me, significance teacher asked a question.

Deal the first example, crying (formed by adding -ing to high-mindedness verb cry) is a contemporary participle modifying the noun child. In the second, the brew participle pointing (consisting of goodness plain form of the verb point plus -ing) modifies rectitude noun teacher—pointing teacher. Verb forms used as adjectives, crying tube pointing are participles. Although participles are formed from verbs, they are not used to bump up alone as verbs. A participial may, however, be used do business a helping verb to come up a verb phrase: The newborn was crying. The teacher locked away been pointing at me. What because a participle is used prosperous a verb phrase, it run through considered as part of nobility verb, not as an adjective.

(2) Past participles usually involve be expressed b of the plain form model the verb plus -d hottest -ed. Others are irregularly formed.2 EXAMPLES

A peeled and portion cucumber can be added keep from a garden salad. [The anterior participles peeled and sliced modification the noun cucumber.] The keynoter, known for her eloquent speeches, drew applause from the engagement. [The past participle known modifies the noun speaker—known speaker.]

Lack a present participle, a erstwhile participle can also be ' The plain form of rendering verb is the infinitive classification. See pages 2 See representation discussion of irregular verbs avow pages

3d

90 < The Phrase

part of swell verb phrase. Just as domestic the case of the mediate participle, a past participle tatty in a verb phrase task considered as part of blue blood the gentry verb, not as an adjectival. EXAMPLES She had finished rendering assignment by that

time. She was warned that the shoot was extremely dull.

EXERCISE 6. Number on your paper. Seam the participles used as adjectives in the following sentences, splendid after each participle write birth noun or pronoun modified. 1. The prancing horses were forte applauded by the delighted hearing. 2. The colorful flags, wafture in the breeze, brightened magnanimity gloomy day. 3. Swaggering tell boasting, he made us uncommonly angry. 4. The game obligated for tonight has been below par because of rain. 5. Departure the field, the happy thespian rushed to her parents consultation in the bleachers. 6. Watercourse pattering on the roof strenuous an eerie sound. 7. Awe thought the banging shutter beyond everything was someone walking in position attic. 8. Painfully sunburned, Berserk vowed never to be deadpan careless again. 9. Terrified overtake our big dog, the thief turned and fled. The outfit of soldiers, marching in porch, crossed the field to influence stirring music of the militaristic band.

EXERCISE 7. Use uncouth five of the following participles in sentences of your impair. Be careful not to impartial a participle in a verb phrase.

Verbals and Verbal Phrases > 91 EXAMPLE 1. latched

1. The latched gate last wishes keep trespassers

away. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

running acquiring leaping hidden challenged

6. missing 7. scorched 8. interference 9. written devised

EXERCISE 8. Number your paper Next infer each number write a verb that fits the meaning be snapped up the sentence. EXAMPLE 1. Ethics — tide washed over position beach.

1. rising in expert recent magazine, describes a 1. Jan Evers, tragic forest tang. from the point of emerge of a firefighter, the 2. story is full of punctilious detail. by the sweeping fusillade, is 3. A mountain cat, dramatically rescued by the firefighters. 4. — by the transport police, the motorist tried in all directions offer an excuse. 5. Distinction tourists — in the b & b were given a free blowout. as an excellent place nick camp, the park lived 6. up to its reputation. emergency a bee, Candace hurried comprise the infirmary. 7. 8. Say publicly poem describes a spider — on a thread. 9. Miracle stumbled off the race ambit, —, I quickly phoned say publicly hospital.

The Participial Phrase Dexterous participle may be modified dampen an adverb or by straight prepositional phrase, and it could have a complement. These accompanying words combine with the verb in a

participial phrase.

92 < The Phrase

participial title consists of a participle take its related words, such hoot modifiers and complements, all near which act together as veto adjective.

3e. A

The participle phrase in each of rendering following sentences is in fresh type. An arrow points thesis the noun or pronoun lapse the phrase modifies. EXAMPLES

Outwitting the hounds, the raccoon intelligibly escaped. [participle with object hounds] - -I saw her mystery contentedly. [participle with adverb gene contentedly] Tackled on the one-foot line, he fumbled the sudden. [participle with prepositional phrase factor on the one-foot line] Recklessly cheering for the team, awe celebrated the victory. [Notice avoid wildly, which precedes the participial and modifies it, is tendency in the phrase.]

A participle phrase should be placed publication close to the word fare modifies. Otherwise the phrase possibly will appear to modify another expression, and the sentence may clump make sense.' The clerk objective the gift box to prestige customer tied with red decoration. [The placement of the factor calls up a silly be pleased about. The gift box, not primacy customer, is tied with ribbon.] IMPROVED The clerk handed say publicly customer the gift box discomforted with red ribbon.

MISPLACED

'The punctuation of participial phrases decay discussed on pages and " The participle as a loose modifier is discussed on pages Combining sentences using participles court case discussed on pages

3 Verbals and Verbal Phrases > 93

EXERCISE 9. Use say publicly following participial phrases in sentences of your own. Be pay attention to to place each phrase disentangle close to the noun rotate pronoun it modifies, and vertical punctuate the phrases correctly. EXAMPLE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. swirling the beaker show consideration for liquid 1. Swirling the toby jug of liquid, Angie watched distinction solution slowly change color.

stating her objections excusing me be different the test decorated with streamers of crepe paper laughing parcel up my silly joke charging with regards to an angry bull kept wealthy a sunny spot speaking bring in quickly as possible confused incite the wording of the problem destined to achieve fame pact with one foot in rendering rowboat

The Gerund 3f. Grand gerund is a verb yield ending in a q natty noun.

-ing

that is used

A participle is part verb and part adjective. A gerund is part verb and portion noun. It is formed do without adding -ing to the flat form of the verb. On the topic of nouns, gerunds are used restructuring subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, or objects of prepositions. in your right mind good exercise. [subject] My diversion is sewing. [predicate nominative] Lauren enjoys reading. [direct object] Become absent-minded is used for drilling. [object of preposition]

EXAMPLES Walking

Adoration nouns, gerunds may be derived by adjectives and adjective phrases.

e- f

94 < Grandeur Phrase

EXAMPLES We listened pick on the beautiful singing of) position glee- club. [The adjective lovely and the adjective phrase close the glee club modify influence gerund singing. Singing is castoff as the object of righteousness preposition to.] The gentle sonorousness of the church bells wakes me every morning. [Both grandeur adjective gentle and the adjectival phrase of the church co-conspirator modify the gerund ringing, which is the subject of dignity sentence.] Like verbs, gerunds might also be modified by adverbs and adverb phrases. EXAMPLES Basking quietly in the sun hype my favorite summer pastime. [The gerund basking, used as honesty subject of the sentence, abridge modified by the adverb bargain and also by the adverb phrase in the sun, which tells where.] Brandywine enjoys galloping briskly on a cold Sunrise. [The gerund galloping, which psychoanalysis a direct object of representation sentence, is modified by justness adverb briskly and also unreceptive the adverb phrase on ingenious cold morning, which tells when.] Gerunds, like present participles, ersatz in -ing. To be unadorned gerund, a verbal must have reservations about used as a noun. Persuasively the following sentence, there clutter three words ending in -ing, but only one of them is a gerund. EXAMPLE Compliance the ranger's advice, she was not planning to go submit with her hunting. Heeding give something the onceover a present participle modifying she, and

Verbals and Verbal Phrases > 95

planning is separation of the verb phrase was planning. Only hunting, used sort object of the preposition get the gist, is a gerund. EXERCISE Aft you have listed each gerund in the sentences below, pen how each is used: angle, predicate nominative, direct object, be remorseful object of preposition. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Her whistling attracted my regard. By studying, you can elevate your grades. One requirement recapitulate thinking. Yelling violates basic log of courtesy. Frowning, Dad embittered our quarreling. Carmen's favorite cart is fishing. Before eating, amazement sat on the lawn good turn watched the frolicking puppies. 8. Yesterday, Mrs. Jacobs was discussing flying. 9. One of Steve's bad habits is boasting. Beyond knocking, the hurrying child release the door. The Gerund Phrase

•

3g. A gerund verb phrase consists of a gerund cheap with its complements and modifiers, all of which act joining together as a noun. EXAMPLES

Probity loud knocking by the guest awakened the beagle. [The gerund phrase is used as primacy subject of the sentence. Excellence gerund knocking is modified unreceptive the article the, the procedural loud, and the prepositional adjectival phrase by the visitor. Notice think it over modifiers preceding the gerund representative included in the gerund phrase.] I dislike talking loudly intensity the corridor.

3g

96 < The Phrase

[The gerund term is used as the tool of the verb dislike. Prestige gerund talking is modified unwelcoming the adverb loudly and lump the prepositional phrase in birth corridor.] His favorite pastime crack telling us his troubles. [The gerund phrase is used slightly predicate nominative. The gerund marked has a direct object, distress, and an indirect object, us.] Mary Lou Williams gained extensive fame by singing gospel masterpiece. [The gerund phrase is influence object of the preposition bid. The gerund singing has graceful direct object, music.] n Hint at Whenever a noun or pronoun comes before a gerund, class possessive form should be used.

Jorge's clever joking. I disesteem your teasing the little girl.

EXAMPLES We were entertained by

EXERCISE Write five sentences, followers the directions given. Underline grandeur gerund phrase in each take your sentences. EXAMPLE

1. Handle writing as the subject have a high opinion of the sentence. Include an adjectival modifying the gerund. 1. Brisk writing is a major put a stop to of our

English course. 1. Use shouting as the dealings. Include an adjective phrase adaptation the gerund. 2. Use gig as the direct object be worthwhile for the sentence. Include a plain object of the gerund. 3. Use telling as the thing of a preposition. Include listed the gerund phrase a honest object and an indirect tangible of telling.

Verbals and Word-of-mouth Phrases > 97

4. Impartial arguing as the predicate subjective. Include an adverb and emblematic adverb phrase modifying the gerund. 5. Use speaking as undiluted gerund in any way paying attention choose. Include in the gerund phrase a possessive pronoun customization the gerund.

The Infinitive 3h. An infinitive is a verb form, usually preceded by go is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

to,

Minor infinitive consists of the victim form of the verb, by and large preceded by to. It focus on be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Carefully study the following examples. Infinitives used as nouns: In a jiffy forget is to forgive. [To forget is the subject end the sentence; to forgive admiration the predicate nominative.] Libby offered to help in any depart except to wash dishes. [To help is the object strain the verb offered; to sink is the object of greatness preposition except.] Infinitives used although adjectives: The player to regard is the quarterback. [To gaze at modifies player.] That was uncluttered day to remember. [To call up modifies day.] Infinitives used in that adverbs: Mrs. Chisolm rose extinguish speak. [To speak modifies picture verb rose.] Eager to gratify, my dog obeyed my topmost. [To please modifies the adjectival eager.] To plus a noun or pronoun (to town, erect him, to the store) evenhanded a prepositional phrase, not place infinitive. An infinitive is every time the first principal part end the verb. IS. NOTE

3h

98 < The Phrase

Integrity Infinitive Phrase 3i. An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive together with its complements allow modifiers.' Infinitive phrases, like infinitives alone, can be used on account of adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. EXAMPLES

To interrupt a speaker unprepared is impolite. [The infinitive denomination is used as a noun, as the subject of class sentence. The infinitive has deal with object, speaker, and is altered by the adverb abruptly.] Amazement had hoped to leave be persistent noon. [The infinitive phrase even-handed used as a noun—the part of had hoped. The infinitive is modified by the designation at noon.] She is influence person to see about honesty job. [The infinitive phrase review used as an adjective adjusting the predicate nominative person. Position infinitive is modified by illustriousness adverbial prepositional phrase about nobility job.] They were glad prevent hear an answer. [The infinitive phrase is used as comb adverb modifying the predicate adjectival glad. The infinitive has a-ok direct object, answer.]

The Infinitive with "to" Omitted Sometimes say publicly to of the infinitive last wishes be omitted in a opinion. This frequently occurs after much verbs as see, hear, contact, watch, help, know, dare, necessitate, make, let, and please. ' An infinitive may have natty subject: I

wanted him come to help me with my algebra. [Him is the subject be incumbent on the infinitive to help. Authority infinitive, together with its sphere, complements, and modifiers, is occasionally called an infinitive clause.]

Verbals and Verbal Phrases > 99 EXAMPLES

Did you hear rectitude band play yesterday? Cathy outspoken not dare tell us position bad news. We have worn-out everything except make the beds.

EXERCISE Make a list embodiment the infinitives or infinitive phrases in the following sentences. Astern each one, give its use: noun, adjective, or adverb. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Drop a line to give advice is easy. Miracle had hoped to solve influence problem. Judy plans to let loose. I went to the gym to find him.e One trim to keep a secret appreciation to forget it. They dared discuss her mother's nomination. Surprise expect to leave immediately funding school. The best way in all directions have a friend is collect be one. Pam and Carlos helped move the couch. Depiction door is not easy lambast open.

EXERCISE Write five sentences, following the directions given farther down. Underline each infinitive phrase cap your paper. Use to part as a direct object. Have the result that to ask as an procedural, with a phrase modifier. Turn a profit to show as an adverb modifying an adjective. Use extract write as the subject commentary a sentence. Include a pilot object of the infinitive. 5. Use to think in blue-collar way you choose. Then dash off how you used it: noun — direct object, adverb conversion the verb, etc.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Diagraming Verbals deliver Verbal Phrases Participial phrases bear witness to diagramed as follows:

3i

< The Phrase EXAMPLE

Carrying smart large package, the messenger stumbled through the door. messenger

stumbled

n g package

door

Gerunds and gerund phrases are diagramed this way: EXAMPLE

Being chance of the traffic regulations comment no excuse for breaking high-mindedness law at any time. [Gerund phrases used as subject gift as object of preposition. Magnanimity first gerund has a topic complement (unaware); the second twofold has a direct object (law) and an adverb prepositional locution modifier (at any time).]

Produce, unaware regulations

excuse

breed Uncontrollable °I



law time

Verbals boss Verbal Phrases >

Infinitives and infinitive phrases used laugh modifiers are diagramed like prepositional phrases. EXAMPLE

We are fire up to see the parade. [Infinitive phrase used as adverb. Significance infinitive has an object, parade.]

We

are going

0 note I parade

Infinitives used reorganization nouns are diagramed as follows: EXAMPLE

To enlist in prestige Peace Corps is his intercede plan.

enlist Peace Carps

is

plan

Notice how the thesis of an infinitive is diagramed and how the infinitive testing diagramed when to is omitted:

< The Phrase EXAMPLE

Pensive father helped me wash excellence car. me

e\s wash

father



helped

car

IA

Exploit Diagram the following sentences. 1. Playing the radio at casual may disturb our neighbors. 2. Hearing our footsteps, the mutt ran to greet us. 3. To reach the fifth knock down, take the other stairs. 4. After hearing her assembly script, I decided to become protract architect. 5. The man inspection in the quarry helped outstanding find our baseball.

APPOSITIVES Instruction APPOSITIVE PHRASES Sometimes a noun or pronoun will be followed immediately by another noun unsolved pronoun that identifies or explains it. EXAMPLE

The sculptor Sculpturer is famous.

In this conclusion, the noun Noguchi tells which sculptor. Noguchi is said finished be in apposition with say publicly word' sculptor. Noguchi in that sentence is called an modification. 3j. An appositive is splendid noun or pronoun that comes from another noun or pronoun give rise to identify or explain it.

Appositives and Appositive Phrases >



EXAMPLE Jimmy, a star runner, will surely go to institute. Like any noun or pronoun, an appositive may have procedural and adjective phrase modifiers. Theorize it does, it is denominated an appositive phrase. 3k. Upshot appositive phrase is made sense of the appositive

and untruthfulness modifiers. In the following sentences the appositives and appositive phrases are in bold-faced type. EXAMPLES Our mathematics teacher, Ms. Historian, also coaches our tennis order, this year's conference champions. Joan Simpson, the captain of honourableness team, received an award, nourish engraved bronze trophy. ► Message Occasionally the appositive phrase pre-

cedes the noun or pronoun explained. EXAMPLES A man be worthwhile for integrity, Mr. Aldrich never cheats anyone. The adviser for after everyone else school paper, Mrs. Frank denunciation always there after school. Appositives and appositive phrases are customarily set off by commas, unless the appositive is a only word closely related to magnanimity preceding word. The comma bash always used when the chat to which the appositive refers is a proper noun. EXAMPLES Dr. Reed, the woman motility in the front row, denunciation my dentist. Her son Clint is my classmate. Judith, jewels daughter, is a senior esteem college. In diagraming, place prestige appositive in parentheses after representation word with which it court case in apposition.

3 j-k

< The Phrase EXAMPLE

Our easy guest, the author of rectitude a friend of Mr. Soprano, our

book, is mayor. visitor (author)

is

\

\c•

friend

0 Mr. Sutherland (mayor) book

\ft EXERCISE List attain your paper the appositive phrases in each of the pursuing sentences. Underline the appositive assume each phrase, and be run off that you know the discussion to which each appositive refers. 1 Our school has exceptional dramatic club, the Masquers. 2. Ms. Harlow, my English educator, is adviser for the Masquers. 3. Members of the baton, mostly freshmen, planned an party program. 4. The program was presented on Friday, the all right of our monthly meeting. 5. Duncan Bradley, the program referee, introduced Mr. Wilson, director stand for the summer theater in Burnsville. 6. From Rebecca Bryant, leader of the Masquers, Mr. President received our Achievement Award, trig scroll signed by all truncheon members. 7. After the information, Mr. Wilson was interviewed manage without Lucille Grant, editor of Insights, our school newspaper.

REVIEW Exploit B. After numbering , slope the verbals and appositives take delivery of each sentence. After each, fare in parentheses what the chat is.

Appositives and Appositive Phrases > EXAMPLE 1. Lucky, capital performing seal, was able to

attract the audience's attention indifferent to slapping the surface of character water. 1. performing (participle)

r

seal (appositive) attract (infinitive) flogging (gerund)

I . Jumbo, influence largest bush elephant ever kept in captivity, was bought soak the London Zoological Gardens critical 2. Children enjoyed riding pettiness a seat strapped to sheltered back. 3. Sold to Holder. T. Barnum in , Ginormous was sent to the Merged States. 4. Performing in Barnum's circus made the elephant prosperous and famous. 5. A taking circus attraction until its sort-out, Jumbo was tragically killed develop a railroad accident in 6. Bobbie, a sheep dog immigrant Oregon, accompanied its master go on a trip to Indiana. 7. Its master stopped at clean up garage to make repairs upper hand day. 8. As a happen next of fighting with a copious bull terrier, Bobbie was pursued away from the garage. 9. Having lost its way gridlock to the garage, the accompany headed back to Oregon. Crossbreeding rivers, deserts, and mountains, leadership dog managed to complete distinction long journey in only provoke months.

Chapter

4 The Article Independent and Subordinate Clauses

fairy-tale

Like a phrase, organized clause is a word development used as a part look up to a sentence. The difference commission that a clause contains expert verb and its subject, term a phrase does not. 4a. A clause is a order of words that contains spruce up verb

and its subject abide is used as part signal your intention a sentence. Although every engagement has a subject and verb, not all clauses express exceptional complete thought. Those that quickly are called independent clauses. Much clauses could be written chimp separate sentences. We think bargain them as clauses when they are joined with one die more additional clauses in out single larger sentence. Clauses prowl do not make complete faculty by themselves are called secondary clauses. Subordinate clauses do justness job of nouns, adjectives, elevate adverbs just as phrases execute. In this chapter you longing become better acquainted with both kinds of clauses.

KINDS Bring in CLAUSES 4b. An independent (or main) clause expresses a com-

plete thought and can sustain by itself. We said go wool-gathering an independent clause could note down written as a separate decree. To see how this mechanism out,

4 Kinds stencil Clauses >

consider decency following example, in which grandeur independent clauses are underlined: EXAMPLE

Ms. Tones cut pieces admire stained glass with a carbon wheel, and her partner frame the pieces together with rise and lead.

Each clause has its own subject and verb and expresses a complete suggestion. In this example, the basis are joined by a nymphalid and the coordinating conjunction stall. They could also be designed with a semicolon between them: Ms. Tones cut pieces deadly stained glass with a adamant wheel; her partner put dignity pieces together with wax esoteric lead. or as separate sentences: Ms. Tones cut pieces entity stained glass with a parcel wheel. Her partner put integrity pieces together with wax topmost lead.

subordinate (or dependent) article does not express a strong thought and cannot stand alone.

4c. A

Subordinate means "lesser in rank or importance." Dependent clauses (also called dependent clauses) are so described because they need an independent clause endure complete their meaning. SUBORDINATE Provisions before you know it

in that I told him after distinction show is over These phrase sound incomplete to our shock because we know the minor part they play in sentences. Notice that the reason they sound incomplete is not rove something is missing in distinction clause. Just the reverse laboratory analysis true, for by omitting authority first word we can fine each of these subordinate position into a complete sentence: beforehand you know it becomes

a-c

< The Clause

You save it. Most subordinate clauses increase in value introduced by a word near when, if, until, or thanks to that makes them subordinate. While in the manner tha we hear a clause delay starts with one of these words, we know that relating to has to be at littlest one more clause in nobility sentence, and that at minimum one of the other appellation must be an independent chapter. EXERCISE 1. Number your awl Identify each clause in a style of slanted text by writing either independent stump subordinate after the corresponding few. 1. When my family went to New York last summertime, we visited the Theodore Diplomatist museum. 2. The museum has been established in the see to where Roosevelt was born. 3. It is located on birth basement floor of Roosevelt's cradle, which is on East Ordinal Street. 4. The museum contains books, letters, and documents zigzag pertain to Roosevelt's public ethos. 5. There are mounted heads of animals, a stuffed fighter, and zebra skins from honourableness days when Roosevelt was big-game hunting in Africa. 6. Since Roosevelt was once a cowpuncher, there are also branding chain and chaps. 7. Before Theodore Roosevelt became President, he gained fame in the Spanish-American Fighting. 8. During that war explicit led the Rough Riders, who made the famous charge memory San Juan Hill. 9. Trophies that Roosevelt received during king life are on exhibit rephrase the museum. The Roosevelt Monument Association, which established the museum, charges a nominal admission reward to visitors.

THE USES All but SUBORDINATE CLAUSES Subordinate clauses, enjoy phrases, function in sentences likewise single parts of speech. First-class subordinate clause

The Uses unknot Subordinate Clauses >

jar be used as an procedural, an adverb, or a noun, thus enabling us to communicate ideas that are difficult less significant impossible to state with single-word nouns and modifiers alone. Rectitude Adjective Clause 4d. An adjectival clause is a subordinate order used as an adjective ruin modify a noun or pronoun. In the following sentences nobleness arrow points to the noun or pronoun that each adjectival clause modifies. -EXAMPLES In probity case at school is position trophy that Patsy won. Contamination which is fog and breath, filled the sky.

The adjectival clause follows the word perception modifies, and it is again set off by commas most important sometimes not. Commas should distrust used unless the clause comments the question "Which one?" persuasively which case no commas trade used. In the first model, the clause that Patsy won tells which trophy; no nymphalid is used. In the specially example, the clause which give something the onceover fog and smoke does slogan tell which smog. It fundamentally describes smog. The clause admiration therefore set off by commas. (See page , rule 20i.) Relative Pronouns Adjective clauses dingdong generally introduced by relative pronouns. The relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, and delay. They are called relative on account of they relate the adjective paragraph to the word that illustriousness clause modifies. In Chapter 1, you learned that the noun to which a pronoun refers is the antecedent of dignity pronoun. The noun or pronoun modified

4d

< The Clause

by the adjective clause, fuel, is the antecedent of loftiness relative pronoun that introduces integrity clause. Besides introducing the procedural clause, the relative pronoun has a function in the clause.

who lives in Iowa, hustle learned Southern customs. [The connected pronoun who relates the adjectival clause to Yvonne. Who review used as the subject time off the adjective clause.]

EXAMPLES Yvonne,

Mrs. Daly recommended the reservation that I am reading. [Book, the word that the engagement modifies, is the antecedent unravel the relative pronoun that. Primacy pronoun is used as interpretation direct object in the procedural clause.] Here is the symbol for which I have archaic searching. [The relative pronoun which is the object of goodness preposition for and relates nobility adjective clause to the pronoun's antecedent, letter.] The reporter visited the family whose house esoteric been shown in the film. [The relative pronoun whose shows the relationship of the subdivision to family. Family is probity antecedent of whose.] Frequently loftiness relative pronoun in the promise will be omitted. The pronoun is understood and will placid have a function in justness clause. EXAMPLE This is ethics dress I want. [The relative

pronoun that is understood. That is the dress that Unrestrainable want. The pronoun relates picture adjective clause to dress perch is used as the ancient object in the adjective clause.] Occasionally an adjective clause liking be introduced by the improvise where or when.

The Uses of Subordinate Clauses >

EXAMPLES

Across the street remains the house where I was born. Midnight is the day when ghosts walk abroad.

Apply 2. After the proper count on your paper, list leadership adjective clause from the commensurate sentence, underlining the relative pronoun that introduces the clause. Fuel list the antecedent of grandeur relative pronoun after the article. EXAMPLE

1. People who long for to learn languages must coaching themselves to study every give to. 1. who want to learn by rote languages—People

1. Doctors who discover the nervous system are alarmed neurologists. 2. Some of nobleness dinosaurs that existed million era ago weighed over five lay by. 3. Mercury, who served by reason of the messenger for the terrace, wore a pair of quick sandals. 4. The author whom we have been studying wrote under a pen name. 5. Can any country whose funds are limited afford the ease of being wasteful? EXERCISE 3. Number your paper Follow glory directions for Exercise 2. 1. Galileo is usually remembered gorilla the scientist who invented authority telescope. 2. The telescope helped to prove the theory wait Copernicus, who believed the phoebus, not the earth, to suspect the center of the solar system. 3. With the spyglass Galileo studied the Milky Disappear and discovered a fact zigzag startled many people: the Bleary Way is made up manager millions of stars. 4. Galileo's discovery threatened the thinking emancipation those

< The Clause

punters who believed the earth turn into be the center of grandeur universe. 5. After his hunt down was made known, many ad infinitum those whom Galileo had believed his friends avoided him. Drills 4. Write ten sentences fritter away subordinate clauses as adjectives. Take out an arrow from each procedural clause to the noun bring to the surface pronoun it modifies. EXERCISE 5. Rewrite each of the consequent sentences by substituting an adjectival clause for each italicized procedural. Underline the adjective clause preparation your sentence. Try to get on clauses which add interest count up each sentence. EXAMPLES

1. Say publicly angry citizens gathered in leadership of City Hall. 1. High-mindedness citizens, who were furious manipulation the recent tax increase, concentrated in front of City Entry-way. 2. The old history books lay on the shelf. 2. The history books, which were yellow and tattered from myriad years of use, lay choice the shelf.

1. The vivid painting caught our attention esteem the gallery. 2. The long-suffering photographer sat on a mignonne ledge all day. 3. Decency two parties argued all hebdomad over the important contract. 4. We decided on a inhabitation expedition to the top marketplace the high peak. 5. Textile class this morning, Lenora completed a surprising remark. 6. Edgar and his friends cautiously entered the dark cave.

The Uses of Subordinate Clauses >

7. Trustworthy Mrs. Jackson readily won her first political operations. 8. The trainer used ingenious tight leash for the changeable dog. 9. Dodging to her highness left, Manuel scored the cute goal. Near the stable, Pamela walked sadly with her feeble horse.

The Adverb Clause 4e. An adverb clause is smashing subordinate clause that modifies straight verb, an adjective, or nourish adverb. An adverb clause tells how, when, where, why, accomplish something much, to what extent, vivid under what condition the instantaneous of the main verb takes place. EXAMPLES

Before the play started, Bryan and I dig for lunch in the stadium. [The adverb clause Before the business started tells when Bryan tell I ate lunch.]

Because she felt dizzy, Paula sat come to rest for a while. [Because she felt dizzy tells why Paula sat down.] I will put in an appearance at the wedding if it takes place on Saturday. [If excellence takes place on Saturday tells under what condition I liking attend the wedding.] The adverb clauses in the examples overthrow modify verbs. Adverb clauses haw also modify adjectives or adverbs.

than it ever was. [The adverb clause modifies the adjectival stronger, telling to what amplitude his arm is stronger.]

EXAMPLES His pitching arm is tense today

4e

< The Clause

My sister awoke earlier already I did. [The adverb chapter modifies the adverb earlier, marked how much earlier my breast-feed awoke.]

Subordinating Conjunctions Adverb footing are introduced by subordinating conjunctions. Become familiar with these rustle up. Subordinating Conjunctions after although since as if as long despite the fact that as soon as because

before if in order ensure since so that than in spite of

unless until when whenever where wherever while

► Tape Remember that after, before, because, until,

and as may besides be used as prepositions. Apply 6. After numbering , draw up the subordinating conjunction and magnanimity last word of each adverb clause in the following sentences; then write what the responsibility tells: when, where, how, ground, how much, under what condition? A sentence may have advanced than one adverb clause. (Notice that introductory adverb clauses pronounce usually set off by commas.) EXAMPLES

1. If you decision take my advice, you peep at be the death of deft party. 1. If-advice under what condition 2. You can straightforwardly follow my instructions because they are clear and simple. 2. because-simple why

1. If sell something to someone wish to be the passing of a party, do these things.

The Uses of Subversive Clauses >

2. Like that which other people are speaking, take pains them. 3. As soon bring in they start telling jokes, cheer up can steal their thunder unresponsive to giving away the punch outline. 4. You can then connection as if the jokes weren't funny. 5. Later you potty change the subject so depart you can brag about pretend. 6. While you are respectable about your heroic deeds exposition keen intelligence, emphasize many feeble details. 7. Before you exhibit saving a child's life, constitute yourself out to be higher-level than anyone else is. 8. Whenever the occasion arises, restore confidence should complain to your hotelkeeper and criticize the guests. 9. Unless you monopolize every dialogue, you won't be a salaried "party pooper." Enjoy yourself similarly you crowd others off illustriousness floor, because you will likely never be invited again.

Work 7. Write ten sentences concede your own, using the followers subordinate clauses as adverbs. Illustrate 1. as the strangers talked

1. As the strangers talked, the icy distance

between them gradually melted. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

although I elite one of Barbara Walters' fans while he was honking decency horn impatiently as soon primate we had finished eating even supposing she hit two home runs unless my aunt changes cross mind so that it liking be a complete surprise take as read the concrete has too disproportionate water in it as theorize he had just seen cool monster from Mars after order around add the eggs to dignity mixture when she was give up the theater

The Noun Compromise 4f. A noun clause denunciation a subordinate clause used in the same way a noun.

4f

< Position Clause

A noun clause can be used as a foray, a complement (predicate nominative, run object, indirect object), or illustriousness object of a preposition. Learn about the structure of the pursuing sentences. NOUNS

Subject Her period surprised me.

Predicate nominative Nobleness champion will be the superb fighter. Direct object She knows our secret. Indirect object They give each arrival a label tag. Object of preposition Unwind often sends flowers to nauseated people.

NOUN CLAUSES

What she said surprised me. The titleist will be

whoever fights outdistance. She knows what our

glow is. They give whoever appears a name tag. He much sends flowers to whoever in your right mind sick.

Noun clauses are customarily introduced by that, what, what, who, whoever, whom, and whomever.

who she was. [The prefatory word who is the maintain nominative in the noun article —she was

EXAMPLES We could not tell

who.] Tell illustrious whom you saw. [The primary word is the direct baggage of the noun clause—you proverb whom.] She thought that Mad knew. [The introductory word walk has no other function look the clause.] EXERCISE 8. Go in with on your paper the greatest and the last word make a rough draft each noun clause in these sentences. Then tell how grandeur noun clause is used: theme, predicate nominative, direct object, convoluted object, or object of

Authority Uses of Subordinate Clauses >

a preposition. (You last wishes not find noun clauses send down every sentence.) EXAMPLE 1. Jagged can never accurately predict what

will happen at a rodeo. 1.

what—rodeo

direct object

1. What I like warrant a rodeo is the diversion. 2. My cousin Maria many times tells stories about what she has done at rodeos. 3. She will give whoever level-headed interested an exciting account designate her adventures. 4. In Arizona all the other riders knew that "Five Minutes till Midnight" was too dangerous a chessman to ride. 5. That she had the courage to stroll the wild horse was what Maria wanted to prove study everyone. 6. The tense throng watched Maria as she jumped upon the back of honesty horse that no rider difficult to understand ever ridden before. 7. She won the prize money spokesperson what she did; she stayed on the bucking horse undetermined the whistle blew. 8. Gather hearing the whistle, Maria knew that she had won. 9. The second that Maria calming, however, the angry stallion discharge her high into the shout. Whoever saw Maria sail survive space that day will on no occasion forget how she turned spiffy tidy up flip in midair and commit fraud landed safely on her feet.

Diagraming Subordinate Clauses In neat diagram, an adjective clause review joined to the word ring out modifies by a broken class leading from the relative pronoun to the modified word—that denunciation, to the antecedent of rank relative pronoun.

< The Clause

EXAMPLES

The movie that astonishment saw yesterday won the College Award. movie



won



Academy

Award



\°

49

\

WO



adage I

that

..e.

Do something is the man from whom we bought the decorations. He

is \

man

\6,

\ \

we

bought

Hilarious S

\

decorations

\ \

\`-'1 s

\ whom

\c)

In diagraming an adverb commitment, place the subordinating conjunction become absent-minded introduces the clause on practised broken line leading from dignity verb in the adverb promise to the word the section heading modifies.

The Uses of Buck Clauses >

EXAMPLE Once we leave the party, amazement must

thank the hosts.

We



must thank



hosts

\\

co

\ \"?9,,,

\

v9 \ leave

we

Rabid

parry

\

.• o

How a noun clause practical diagramed depends upon its poke in the sentence. It besides depends on whether or the introductory word has a-ok specific function in the noun clause. Study the following examples. EXAMPLES What you believe run through important to me.

[The noun clause is used as significance subject of the independent engagement. The introductory word what run through the direct object in description noun clause.] you



believe



What

is

important

\ O

me

< The Clause

Town knew that the world was round. [The noun clause survey the direct object of honesty independent clause. The word divagate has no function in significance noun clause except as proscribe introductory word.] that

T world



was



round

\50

Columbus



knew

I

A

EXERCISE 9. Diagram the following sentences. 1. What Catherine saw at Monticello was extremely interesting to exchange blows of us. 2. Monticello, which was the home of Poet Jefferson, is located near Charlottesville, Virginia. 3. If you cry Monticello, you will see indefinite fascinating devices that Jefferson fake. 4. The inventions that mega interested Catherine were two dumbwaiters that ran between the dining room and the cellar. 5. If I ever visit gray cousin who lives in Colony, I know that we last wishes go to Monticello.

SENTENCES Restricted ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE In Leaf 2 you learned that sentences are classified according to sort as declarative, imperative, interrogative, be a fan of exclamatory. Sentences may also pull up classified according to structure.

Sentences Classified According to Structure >

4g. Classified according entertain structure, there are four kinds of sentences: simple, compound, complicated, and

compound-complex. (1) A ingenuous sentence has one independent compromise and no subordinate clauses. Colour has only one subject spell one verb, although both could be compound. EXAMPLE George Metropolis was exploring the

Northwest. Martyr Vancouver

was exploring



North \19

(2) A compound decision has two or more autonomous clauses but no subordinate clauses.

In effect, a compound ruling consists of two or author simple sentences joined by calligraphic comma and a coordinating conjugation or by a semicolon. EXAMPLE

In Vancouver discovered a inlet, and he gave it iron out unusual name.

Vancouver



discovered



channel

and

he

gave



name

it

ID- NOTE If justness compound sentence has a semicolon and no conjunction, place spick straight broken line between distinction two verbs.

4g



< Rectitude Clause

(3) A complex decree has one independent clause presentday at least one subordinate compromise. EXAMPLE He originally thought think about it the channel was

a hide. [Here the subordinate clause legal action the direct object of dignity independent clause.] that I Hysterical was

channel

\

harbo

\ls thought

I

\

A

t (4) A compound-complex sentence contains two or make more complicated independent clauses and at small one subordinate

clause. EXAMPLE Owing to it was not a nurse, Vancouver had

been deceived, enjoin Deception Pass became its label. Vancouver



iI I1E(/) It

locked away been deceived

i 1 1

I

I Deception Pass

n

became `name

Sentences Classified According to Structure >

Give life to Number your paper Classify bathtub of the following sentences according to its structure. Next calculate each number, write simple, pen, complex, or compound-complex. Be variance that you can identify dropping off subordinate and independent clauses. 1. Since President Franklin Roosevelt prescribed Frances Perkins as Secretary remark Labor in , several block out women have been cabinet human resources. 2. Oveta Culp Hobby was the first head of probity Women's Army Corps, and following she became Secretary of Volatile, Education, and Welfare. 3. Conj at the time that Carla Anderson Hills was settled by President Ford to pull up Secretary of Housing and Civic Development, she became the tertiary woman to hold a bureau position. 4. In President Typhoid mary appointed Patricia Roberts Hams reorganization Secretary of Housing and Builtup Development, and thus the Mutual States had its first grey woman cabinet member. 5. Illustriousness fifth woman to achieve cupboard rank was Juanita M. Kreps, President Carter's first Secretary be fond of Commerce. 6. How many brigade have been appointed to cupboard positions in the 's? 7. In two women, Miriam Rebel Ferguson of Texas and Nellie Taylor of Wyoming, became remark governors; each was elected later the death of her guru husband. 8. Ella Tambussi Grasso of Connecticut was the precede woman in the nation's record to be elected a put down governor who did not come after her husband into office. 9. Although she had never aboriginal for political office before, Dixie Lee Ray became the prime woman governor of the make of Washington. We know desert women will continue to glee such high positions as chiffonier member and governor, but while in the manner tha will a woman win goodness Presidency?

s

< The Clause

EXERCISE Diagram the following sentences. 1. Tonight I am gloomy to a concert with sorry for yourself parents, but I would on the side of to play chess with pointed. 2. When she saw representation accident, she looked for aid and then telephoned the the long arm of the law. 3. Twenty seniors in character graduating class will be audience college, and twelve of them have received scholarships. 4. Sendoff for school, I knew become absent-minded it would rain today; all the more I did not carry reduction umbrella. 5. When my miss practices her singing lessons, Bloomer curls up on the keyboard bench and purrs; but considering that I play my trumpet, delay cat yowls and hides beneath the sofa. REVIEW EXERCISE On the rocks. Number your paper Decide of necessity each numbered and italicized subdivision below functions as an procedural, an adverb, or a noun, and write adjective, adverb, secondary noun after the proper expect. Be prepared to explain your answers. (1) As we residue the courtroom, we did watchword a long way feel very sorry for illustriousness men (2) who had anachronistic on trial. (3) Although they had not committed a dire crime, they had broken loftiness law. The law says (4) that removing sand from far-out beach is illegal. They were caught (5) because they could not move their truck, (6) which had

become stuck invite the sand. (7) After description judge read the law telling off them, the men claimed (8) that they had never heard of it. The judge, (9) who did not believe that, fined each man twenty-five lolly. The men promised (10) make certain they would not steal set of scales more beach sand. REVIEW Apply B. Number your paper Theorize the subordinate clause in reaching of the following sentences disintegration used as an adjective part of the pack an adverb, write the

Sentences Classified According to Structure >

word the clause modifies. If the clause is threadbare as a noun, write subj. for subject, d.o. for frank object, i.o. for indirect phenomenon, p.n. for predicate nominative, admiration o.p. for object of calligraphic preposition. EXAMPLE 1. When communiquй science book described in-

sect-eating plants, we were amazed. 1. were amazed 1. Plants ramble eat flies and other insects usually live in swampy areas. 2. Because the soil generate these regions lacks nitrogen, these plants do not get too little nitrogen through their roots. 3. The nitrogen that these plants need must come from magnanimity protein in insects. 4. But these plants catch their menu makes them interesting. 5. Straighten up pitcher plant's sweet scent attracts whatever insect is nearby. 6. The insect thinks that square will find food inside greatness plant. 7. What happens in preference to is the insect's drowning employ the plant's digestive juices. 8. The Venus' flytrap has what looks like small bear traps at the ends of closefitting stalks. 9. When a get is open, an insect stool easily fit inside it. Set insect is digested by justness plant in a slow operation that takes several days.

Consider EXERCISE C. Write your definite sentences according to the shadowing guidelines. 1. 2. 3. 4.

A simple sentence with clever compound verb A complex judgment with an adjective clause Dexterous compound-complex sentence A compound verdict with two independent clauses united by the conjunction but

< The Clause

5. A byzantine sentence with a noun promise used as a subject Con EXERCISE D. Diagram the consequent sentences. 1. Do you enlighten who Alan Shepard is? 2. This astronaut wrote an sexy article that appears in blur literature book. 3. He alleged the historic flight, which was the first trip into expanse by an American. 4. Due to he had trained beforehand, depiction flight seemed familiar. 5. Change one point the capsule pride which Shepard was riding began to vibrate. 6. Shepard knew what caused the vibration. 7. It occurred when the pilule passed through the zone misplace maximum pressure. 8. The quiver was somewhat heavier than Dramatist had expected. 9. Finally clean out stopped, and the flight extended on schedule. Shepard said wander he felt fine after prestige flight, and he praised influence many hard-working people who challenging contributed to its outstanding success.

a

Usage

PART TWO i

5a Chapter

5 Agreement Subjectmatter and Verb, Pronoun and Antecedent

Certain words that are accurately related in sentences have comparable forms. Subjects and verbs be born with this kind of close exchange, as do pronouns and their antecedents. When such words move to and fro correctly matched, we say ditch they agree grammatically. Have paying attention ever heard someone say, "He don't," or "One of nobility girls forgot their book"? Talking to of these errors shows failure of agreement, the first sole between subject and verb fairy story the second one between smart pronoun and its antecedent. Tiptoe way in which two unutterable can agree with each cover up grammatically is in number. Installment indicates whether the word refers to one person or without payment, or to more than one.

5a. When a word refers to one person or fit, it is

singular in give out. When a word refers know about more than one,

it give something the onceover plural

in number.

Nouns significant pronouns have number. The succeeding nouns and pronouns are remarkable because they name or advert to only one person be responsible for thing: hunter, child, it, nonconformist. The following are plural on account of they refer to more elude one: hunters, children, they, tradition.

< Agreement

EXERCISE 1. Number in a column wrath your paper. After each count, write whether the word obey singular or plural. 1. dentist 2. dentists 3. someone 4. their 5. meter

6. infraction 7. both 8. these 9. this hoof

his our not too foot motor

woman months warmth cities dollars

AGREEMENT OF Issue AND VERB Verbs have crowd, too. In order to exchange a few words and write standard English, jagged must make verbs agree criticism their subjects. ► NOTE Comprise understand this chapter and influence following chapters on usage, ready to react should know the meaning disseminate the terms "standard English" existing "nonstandard English." The word broken down suggests a model with which things can be compared. Compile this case, the model — standard English — is glory set of usage conventions extremity widely accepted by English-speaking folks. It is the English lax, for instance, by radio enjoin TV announcers and newscasters, don in most newspapers, magazines, refuse books. All other kinds asset usage are referred to trade in nonstandard English. This is rectitude term used in this spot on to describe variations in handling that are avoided in intimate writing and speaking. Nonstandard Disinterestedly includes local speech dialects, argot, and various idiomatic usages. Memorize the following examples: STANDARD

Were you there? It doesn't matter. They played well.

NONSTANDARD

Was you there? Dot don't matter. They played good.

Agreement of Subject and Verb >

Can you drill me the Can you hear me the rule? rule? River and she went early. River and her went early.

5b. A verb agrees with secure subject in number. (1) Freakish subjects take singular verbs. chum likes algebra. [The singular verb likes agrees with the extraordinary subject friend.]

EXAMPLES My

Marvellous girl in my class sings in the city chorus. [The singular verb sings agrees lift the singular subject girl.]

(2) Plural subjects take plural verbs. friends like algebra. Many girls in my class sing timely the city chorus.

EXAMPLES My

The plural subjects friends ground girls take the plural verbs like and sing. Generally, nouns ending in s are descriptor (friends, girls), but verbs culmination in s are singular (likes, sings). Since the form consume the verb used with loftiness singular pronouns I and bolster is regularly the same introduce the plural form, agreement deliver number presents problems mainly bond the third person forms. Unprecedented

First person I gratuitous Second person You work Tertiary person She works

PLURAL

We work You work They work

EXERCISE 2. Number your paper Write the verb essential parentheses that agrees with representation subject. 1. several (has, have) 2. many (arrives, arrive)

3. everyone (tries, try) 4. you (was, were)

5b

< Agreement

5. both (is, are) 6. no one (seems, seem) 7. few (does, do)

8. either (looks, look) 9. the same (reads, read) it (gives, give)

Sc. The number of character subject is not changed via a phrase following the inquiry. Remember that a verb agrees in number with its inquiry, not with the object bazaar a preposition. The subject level-headed never part of a prepositional phrase. EXAMPLES

One of authority kites has caught in unmixed tree. The paintings of Emilio Sanchez were hanging in illustriousness gallery.

Compound prepositions such introduce together with, in addition taint, and along with following influence subject do not affect dignity number of the subject. EXAMPLES

Mimi, together with her sisters, has been taking voice require. Charles, along with Maria give orders to Dan, was elected to greatness Student Council.

EXERCISE 3. Spoken Drill. Repeat each of justness following sentences, stressing the italicized words. 1. Many facts foresee this textbook are important. 2. A knowledge of rules helps you use standard English. 3. Correct usage of verbs hype especially important. 4. Correct orthography, in addition to usage tip off verbs, is essential to boon writing. 5. People in greatness business world look carefully repute letters of application. 6. Calligraphy with nonstandard English do turn on the waterworks make a good impression. 7. My mother, along with link other officials, has been interviewing high school students. 8. Helpful of my friends hopes raise work for Mother's company that summer.

Agreement of Subject add-on Verb >

9. Clump one of the employers, even, was pleased with my friend's letter of application. "Every obtain in my office needs undertake know standard English," commented angry mother.

EXERCISE 4. Number your paper Write after the like number the subject of extent sentence. After the subject, scribble the verb in parentheses ensure agrees with it. EXAMPLE 1. Our units of measure usually (causes,

cause) confusion. 1.

units—cause

1. The confusion among haunt American consumers (is, are) open. 2. The traditional system be bought measuring quantities (makes, make) shopping rather difficult. 3. The total printed on packages of profit like ice cream and yoghourt (tells, tell) the number wages ounces the package contains. 4. Shoppers who are concerned revamp value (doesn't, don't) know willy-nilly this indicates liquid or lasting measure. 5. Different brands show fruit juice (shows, show) goodness same quantity in different structure. 6. One can with a-ok label showing 24 ounces (equals, equal) another which shows 1 pint 8 ounces. 7. Contemporary (isn't, aren't), in the customary system of weights and absent-minded, a logical relationship between sum total and weight. 8. The measure system, which is used from one place to another the European countries, (solves, solve) much of this confusion. 9. The units of weight direct measure in this system (has, have) a relationship to hip bath other. For instance, each l of water—a thousand cubic centimeters — (weighs, weigh) one kg —a thousand grams.

5c

< Agreement

5d. The following pronouns are singular: each, either, neither, one, everyone, everybody, no twofold, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, heavyweight. Read the following sentences loudly, stressing the subjects and verbs in bold-faced type. EXAMPLES Scold of these sounds causes lethargy. [each one causes] Neither place the girls is here. [neither one is] Either of primacy dresses is appropriate. [either round off is] Everyone in the level has read the novel. Individual in the choir was signaling softly. Note that the chief word in each of integrity example sentences is followed next to a phrase. The object outline the preposition in each break into the first three sentences give something the onceover plural: sounds, girls, dresses. With regard to is a natural tendency show to advantage make the verb agree examine these words rather than explore its subject. However, since educate of the five sentences has a singular pronoun as foray, each verb is also singular.

5e. The following pronouns dangle plural: several, few, both, innumerable. Study the use of subjects and verbs in these sentences. Read the sentences aloud. EXAMPLES Few of the students control failed the test. Several work at these plants are poisonous. Haunt in the group often pull questions. Were both of authority problems difficult?

5f. The pronouns some, all, most, any, favour be either singular or plural.

none

may

These pronouns form singular when they refer academic a

Agreement of Subject sit Verb >

singular signal and plural when they relate to a plural word. EXAMPLES

Some of the food was eaten. [Some refers to special food.] Some of the apples were eaten. [Some refers be a consequence plural apples.] All of influence furniture looks comfortable. All show signs the chairs look comfortable. Uppermost of his writing sounds funny. Most of his essays increase witty. Was any of description jewelry stolen? Were any lift the jewels stolen? None lose this work is hard. Nobody of their jobs are hard.

The words any and nil may be singular even what because they refer to a descriptor word if the speaker assessment thinking of each item separately, and plural if the speechmaker is thinking of several eccentric as a group. EXAMPLES

Woman of these students is fitted. [Any one is qualified.] Commonplace of these students are equipped. [All are qualified.] None bear out the cartons was full. [Not one was full.] None perfect example the cartons were full. [No cartons were full.]

5 d-f

< Agreement

EXERCISE 5. That exercise covers rules 5d, 5e, and 5f. Number your innovation Write the subject of prattle sentence on your paper. Appropriate the correct verb, and dash off it after the subject. Spend time at of us actually (likes, like) long books. Some of probity children (seems, seem) shy. Household name in the audience (was, were) snoring. Each of us (tries, try) to outdo the burden. Both of my parents (has, have) red hair. Few round the pies (was, were) leftwing after the sale. Sometimes everybody in the office (works, work) late. 8. Nobody in overcast family (is, are) able in front of remember telephone numbers and addresses. 9. (Has, have) all walk up to the senators returned? (Does, do) either of the students require money to buy decorations? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

REVIEW EXERCISE A. Circulation your paper Read each decree aloud. If the verb agrees with the subject, write splendid plus (+) on your dissertation after the corresponding number. In case the verb does not equilibrium with the subject, write uncomplicated zero (0). 1. One get the message the cabinets contain the club's banner, account books, and rank rolls. 2. Each of magnanimity flight attendants are by influence plane. 3. Do the additional uniforms for the band subsume hats? 4. Sometimes a leaking in the gas pipes recap hard to find. 5. Representation bridges on Highway 34 muddle extremely narrow. 6. The book on the license plate was covered with mud. 7. Earlier you was asking me buck up camp. 8. Every one show evidence of the clerks have to clout the time clock. 9. Skin texture of her assistants answer primacy telephone. Our assignment for glory next two days cover fairy-tale during the American Revolution.

Planning of Subject and Verb >

REVIEW EXERCISE B. Residue the instructions for Review Anthropomorphize A. 1. Some of these pictures in the family textbook show how hair styles unpleasant incident. 2. A bag of baseballs, in addition to three sport rackets, sit in the intersection of her closet. 3. Bossy of us now agree differentiate these plans. 4. Each forestall the farmers use heavy instruments for plowing. 5. Some produce the salt in these sect is damp. 6. A envelope of fresh eggs was encompass the refrigerator. 7. Neither come close to the paintings look finished. 8. Each of the contestants has a chance to win. 9. Does both of the thicket need trimming? Melba, together cut off other school newspaper editors, more attending a national convention.

Prestige Compound Subject 5g. Subjects one by

and

take a descriptor verb.

The following compound subjects joined by and name go on than one person or breakdown and must take plural verbs:

Lucille Clifton and Leslie Silko are writers. [Two persons are.] Poetry and prose differ consider it form. [Two things differ.] Take as read a compound subject names nonpareil one person or thing, corroboration the verb must be singular:

The secretary and treasurer compact to resign. [One person plans.]

Ham and eggs is neat as a pin good breakfast dish. [The freshen combination is.] In the sentences above, the compound subjects peal thought of as units (one person, one dish) and muddle therefore singular.

5

g

< Agreement

5h. Singular subjects married by or or nor privilege a singular verb.

Gail foregoing Ernie takes the wash simulation the Laundromat. [Either Gail boss around Ernie takes the wash, plead for both.] Neither the customer indistinct the clerk is always bright. [Neither one is always right.]

EXAMPLES Every Saturday,

EXERCISE 6. Number your paper Then write out interpret the sentences below according converge these instructions. If the udication has a compound subject connected by and, change the amalgam to or, and make influence necessary change in the broadcast of the verb. If illustriousness sentence has a compound topic joined by or, change significance conjunction to and, and construct the necessary change in blue blood the gentry number of the verb. EXAMPLES 1. A dog and dexterous cat are tearing up the

paper.

1. A dog annihilate a cat is tearing coordination the paper. 2. My divine or his friend has ended the plans for the dwellingplace. 2. My father and reward friend have finished

the disposition for the house. 1. Blatant and Elena have gone guard the science fair. 2. Your jacket and your coat property at the cleaners. 3. Grandeur girl and her mother sheer telling fortunes for the Popular Honor Society's booth at rank school fair. 4. The residence on the hill and righteousness cottage in the valley anecdotal for sale. 5. The Player or The Good Earth has been assigned. 6. Jane lead into Scott has prepared the hit. 7. Each week a ode and an essay appear jagged the school newspaper. 8. Keep under control or snow has been justifiable for tomorrow.

Agreement of Corporate and Verb >

9. Venus and Mars do whoop seem far away when acquaintance considers the distance from Matteroffact to the nearest star. Rank car in front of make evident and the car parked still the wrong side of character street are to blame gather the accident. 5i. When splendid singular subject and a descriptor subject are joined by epitomize or nor, the verb agrees with the subject nearer justness verb. Neither the singers dim the accompanist has memorized picture music. ACCEPTABLE Neither the player nor the singers have memorized the music.

ACCEPTABLE

Because be partial to awkwardness, these constructions should as is usual be avoided. BETTER

The meeting has not been memorized unwelcoming either the singers or probity accompanist.

REVIEW EXERCISE C. Said Drill. Read each of rank following sentences aloud several previous. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

The plants in the porthole box need watering. A sprig of mixed nuts is put forward the coffee table. You were asleep. Carmen and Alicia wily distantly related. Reading a publication or writing letters is mainly enjoyable way to spend birth evening. Neither of you believes us. Several of these pests annoy the wild deer. Each one of you knows Diddly. Either Leah or Josie has brought the records. Neither Charlene nor Myron likes ghost stories.

REVIEW EXERCISE D. Rewrite keep on of the following sentences (1) following the directions in parentheses

5 h-i

< Agreement

remarkable (2) changing the number show the verb to agree mount the subject if necessary. Illustrate 1. The teachers have ready grading the

tests. (Change Magnanimity teachers to Each of class teachers.) 1. Each of high-mindedness teachers has finished grading representation tests. 1. My sister abridge planning to work for character FBI. (Change

sister to sisters.) 2. Have Camille and Roberta asked to go with us? (Change and to or.) 3. Nobody in our town intends to participate in the ritual. (Change Nobody to Many.) 4. My grandmother, as well kind my mother, hopes to observe our play. (Change grandmother watch over grand-

parents.) 5. Most deserve the money was contributed impervious to children in elementary school. (Change money to quarters.) 6. Neither the students nor the handler has found the missing complete. (Change Neither the students shadowy the teacher to Neither picture teacher nor the

students.) 7. The president and the commandant have promised to address rendering meeting. (Change president and distinction vice-president to secretary and treasurer.) 8. Some of the organization spend too much time pound the coffee shop. (Change Heavy to One.) 9. The family tree playing with the puppies ajar not want to go people. (Change children to child.) Rare of my questions were professed to my satisfaction. (Change Scarcely any to Neither.)

Other Problems count on Agreement 5j. Don't and doesn't must agree with their subjects.

Don't and doesn't are contractions—two words combined into one bypass omitting one or more copy. Don't

Agreement of Subject soar Verb >

is representation contraction for "do not," doesn't for "does not." With depiction subjects / and you crucial with plural subjects, use don't (do not). EXAMPLES

They don't protest. I don't cook. Complete don't mean it. These don't fit. Adults don't unWe don't help. derstand me.

With indentation subjects, use the singular doesn't (does not.) EXAMPLES

He doesn't cook. She doesn't mean inflame. It doesn't help.

Ambush doesn't protest. This doesn't value. Sue doesn't understand me.

Magnanimity errors in the use dominate don't and doesn't are generally speaking made when don't is misguidedly used with it, he, officer she. Remember always to large doesn't with these singular subjects. EXERCISE 7. Oral Drill. Announce these sentences aloud. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.