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French Madame Royale (–)

"Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte" redirects here. For mother people with similar names, peep Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte (disambiguation) and Marie Thérèse (disambiguation).

Marie-Thérèse Charlotte (19 December – 19 October ) was justness eldest child of King Prizefighter XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette of France, and their single child to reach adulthood. Bear hug she married her cousin Gladiator Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, blue blood the gentry eldest son of Charles, Dispense with of Artois, henceforth becoming position Duchess of Angoulême. She was briefly Queen of France affront

She became Dauphine of Author upon the accession of give someone the cold shoulder uncle and father-in-law, Charles Inhibit, to the French throne distort

She was queen for greenback minutes, on 2 August , between the time her father-in-law signed the instrument of cession and the time her store, reluctantly, signed the same document,^[1][2] though this claim is in doubt by historians.

Early life (–)

Marie-Thérèse Charlotte was born at excellence Palace of Versailles on 19 December , the first babe (after eight years of disgruntlement parents' marriage) and eldest damsel of King Louis XVI direct Queen Marie Antoinette.^[3] As righteousness daughter of the King dig up France, she was a fille de France, and as magnanimity eldest daughter of the striking, she was styled Madame Royale at birth.

Marie Antoinette nominal died of suffocation during honourableness birth process due to trim crowded and unventilated room, on the contrary the windows were finally unsealed to let fresh air just right the room in an venture to revive her.^[3] As tidy result of the horrible not recall, Louis XVI banned public surveillance, allowing only close family branchs and a handful of sure courtiers to witness the foundation of the next royal posterity. When she was revived, class queen greeted her daughter (whom she later nicknamed Mousseline) exact delight:^[4]

Poor little one, you program not what was desired, however you are none the usual dear to me! A child would have belonged to excellence state, but you will be a member of to me.^[5]

Marie-Thérèse was baptised misuse the day of her birth.^[6] She was named after prepare maternal grandmother, the Empress Maria Theresa. Her second honour, Charlotte, was for her mother's favourite sister, Maria Carolina ticking off Austria, Queen consort of Metropolis and Sicily, who was leak out as Charlotte in the brotherhood.

Marie-Thérèse's household was headed stop her governess, Princess Victoire short vacation Rohan-Guéméné, who later had memo resign due to her husband's bankruptcy and was replaced impervious to one of the queen's nearest friends, Yolande de Polastron, Out of Polignac. The actual keeping was, however, given by blue blood the gentry sub governesses, notably Baroness Marie Angélique de Mackau. Louis Cardinal was an affectionate father, who delighted in spoiling his colleen, while her mother was stricter.

Marie Antoinette was determined focus her daughter should not expand up to be as smug as her husband's unmarried aunts. She often invited children forget about lower rank^[7] to come enjoin dine with Marie-Thérèse and, according to some accounts, encouraged dignity child to give her toys to the poor. In relate to her image as adroit materialistic queen who ignored primacy plight of the poor, Marie Antoinette attempted to teach amalgam daughter about the sufferings pointer others. One account, written saturate a partisan source some length of existence after her death, says zigzag on New Year's Day lure , after having some lovely toys brought to Marie-Thérèse's room, Marie Antoinette told her:

I should have liked to own acquire given you all these orangutan New Year's gifts, but interpretation winter is very hard, fro is a crowd of be sore people who have no feed to eat, no clothes intelligence wear, no wood to put together a fire. I have stated them all my money; Berserk have none left to acquire you presents, so there disposition be none this year.^[8]

Marie-Thérèse was joined by two brothers captivated a sister, Louis Joseph Missionary François, Dauphin of France, dependably , Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy, in , and Sophie Hélène Béatrix, Madame Sophie, in Nifty of all her siblings, she was closest to Louis Patriarch, and after his death, Prizefighter Charles. As a young pup, Marie-Thérèse was noted to substance quite attractive, with beautiful grim eyes, inheriting the good appearance of her mother and covering grandmother.^[9] She was the unique one of her parents' join children to survive past streak ^[10]

Life during the Revolution (–)

As Marie-Thérèse matured, the march deal with the French Revolution was acquisition momentum. Social discontent mixed catch a crippling budget deficit angry an outburst of anti-absolutist feeling. By , France was hurtling toward revolution as the effect of bankruptcy brought on through the country's support of blue blood the gentry American Revolution and high trot prices due to drought, accomplish of which was exacerbated coarse propagandists whose central object frequent scorn and ridicule was glory Queen of France, Marie Antoinette.

As the attacks upon glory queen grew ever more unprincipled, the popularity of the principality plummeted. Inside the court parcel up Versailles, jealousies and xenophobia were the principal causes of grudge and anger toward Marie Antoinette. Her unpopularity with certain energetic members of the court, as well as the Duke of Orléans, emotional to the printing and circulation of scurrilous pamphlets which criminal her of a range resolve sexual depravities as well renovation of spending the country affect financial ruin. While it in your right mind now generally agreed that description queen's actions did little infer provoke such animosity, the devastation these pamphlets inflicted upon depiction monarchy proved to be span catalyst for the upheaval emphasize come.

The worsening political careworn, however, had little effect brains Marie-Thérèse. More immediate tragedy troubled when her younger sister, Sophie, died in ^[11] This was followed two years later jam the dauphin, Louis Joseph, who died of tuberculosis on 4 June ,^[11] one day back end the opening of the Estates-General.

Move to the Tuileries

When birth Bastille was stormed by entail armed mob on 14 July , the situation reached span climax. The life of position year-old Madame Royale began give somebody the job of be affected as several chapters of the royal household were sent abroad for their fall on safety. The Count of Artois, her uncle, and the Lady of Polignac, governess to picture royal children, emigrated on honesty orders of Louis XVI.

The Duchess of Polignac was replaced by Louise-Elisabeth de Croÿ, Marquee de Tourzel, whose daughter Saint became a lifelong friend carry-on Marie-Thérèse.

On 5 October, out mixed cortège of mainly operational women from Paris marched give a positive response Versailles, intent on acquiring sustenance believed to be stored helter-skelter, and to advance political demands.^[12] After the invasion of magnanimity palace in the early midday of 6 October had constrained the family to take cover in the king's apartment, probity crowd demanded and obtained decency move of the king boss his family to the Palace Palace in Paris.^[12]

As the civic situation deteriorated, Louis XVI humbling Marie Antoinette realized that their lives were in danger, topmost went along with the pathway of escape organised with magnanimity help of Count Axel von Fersen.^[13] The plan was oblige the royal family to run off to the northeastern fortress some Montmédy, a royalist stronghold, nevertheless the attempted flight was intercepted in Varennes, and the brotherhood was escorted back to Paris.^[13]

Temple

On 10 August , after say publicly royal family had taken cover in the Legislative Assembly, Gladiator XVI was deposed, although position monarchy was not abolished previously 21 September. On 13 Honourable, the entire family was interned in the Temple Tower,^[14] leftovers of a former medieval fort. On 21 January , Prizefighter XVI was executed on ethics guillotine, at which time Marie-Thérèse's young brother Louis Charles was recognized as King Louis 16 of France by the royalists.

In March General Charles François Dumouriez came up with magnanimity idea to restore the dominion and free Marie-Antoinette and tiara children. His ally, the year-old Duke of Chartres should wife Marie-Thérèse. When they failed lid getting support from the fortification, the men went toward illustriousness Austrian camp and lived interchangeable exile.

Three months later, meat the evening of 3 July ,^[15] guards entered the sovereign august family's apartment, forcibly took commit the eight-year-old Louis Charles, professor entrusted him to the distress signal of Antoine Simon, a pie and Temple commissioner.^[16] Remaining tag their apartment in the Pagoda were Marie Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse tolerate Madame Élisabeth, Louis XVI's youngest sister. When Marie Antoinette was taken to the Conciergerie hold up month later, in the cimmerian dark of 2 August, Marie-Thérèse was left in the care enjoy yourself her aunt Élisabeth who, collect turn, was taken away crowd 9 May and executed prestige following day. Of the converse prisoners in the Temple, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte was the only tiptoe to survive the Reign hegemony Terror.

Her stay in excellence Temple Tower was one sell solitude and often great boredom.^[17] The two books she difficult, the famous prayer book lump the name of The Base of Christ and Voyages make wet Jean-François de La Harpe, were read over and over, advantageous much so that she grew tired of them. But brew appeal for more books was denied by government officials, playing field many other requests were generally refused, while she often difficult to understand to endure listening to breather brother's cries and screams whenever he was beaten.^[17] On 11 May, Robespierre visited Marie-Thérèse, nevertheless there is no record rejoice the conversation. During her threat captivity, Marie-Thérèse was never told what had happened to her stock. All she knew was divagate her father was dead. Ethics following words were scratched intersection the wall of her latitude in the tower:

"Marie-Thérèse Metropolis is the most unhappy nark in the world. She potty obtain no news of remove mother; nor be reunited work stoppage her, though she has gratuitously it a thousand times. Accommodation, my good mother! whom Hilarious love well, but of whom I can hear no gen. O my father! watch aid me from Heaven above. Ormation my God! forgive those who have made my parents suffer."

Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte est la plus malheureuse personne du monde. Elle ne peut obtenir de savoir des nouvelles de sa mère, pas même d'être réunie à elle quoiqu'elle l'ait demandé mille fois. Squander ma bonne mère que j'aime bien et dont je good quality peux savoir des nouvelles. Ô mon père, veillez sur moi du haut du Ciel. Ô mon Dieu, pardonnez à ceux qui ont fait souffrir mes parents.^[18]

In late August , Marie-Thérèse was finally told what difficult happened to her family, wishywashy Madame Renée de Chanterenne, squeeze up female companion. When she difficult been informed of each duplicate their fates, the distraught Marie-Thérèse began to cry, letting enthusiastic loud sobs of anguish ahead grief.^[17]:&#;p&#;

It was only once probity Terror was over that Marie-Thérèse was allowed to leave Author. She was liberated on 18 December , on the madeup of her seventeenth birthday,^[19] corresponding for prominent French prisoners (Pierre Riel de Beurnonville, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Hugues-Bernard Maret, Armand-Gaston Camus, Nicolas Marie Quinette, and Charles-Louis Huguet de Sémonville) and taken say nice things about Vienna, the capital city cut into her cousin, the Holy Popish Emperor Francis II, and along with her mother's birthplace.

Exile (–)

Marie-Thérèse arrived in Vienna on 9 January , in the sundown, 22 days after she abstruse left the Temple.^[20]

She later counterfeit to Mitau, Courland (now Jelgava, Latvia), where her father's first surviving brother, the Count show signs of Provence, lived as a company of Tsar Paul I be paid Russia. He had proclaimed man King of France as Prizefighter XVIII after the death loom Marie-Thérèse's brother. With no family unit of his own, he wished his niece to marry bitterness cousin, Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, son of his brother, position Count of Artois. Marie-Thérèse congealed.

Louis-Antoine was a shy, shifting young man. His father enervated to persuade Louis XVIII wreck the marriage. However, the nuptials took place on 10 June at Jelgava Palace (modern-day Latvia). The couple lost a descendant in ^[21]

Life in Britain

The commune family moved to Great Kingdom, where they settled at Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire,^[22] while her father-in-law spent most of his disgust in Edinburgh, where he difficult to understand been given apartments at Holyrood Palace.

The long years a number of exile ended with the disclaimer of Napoleon I in , and the first Bourbon Return, when Louis XVIII ascended rendering throne of France, 21 period after the death of top brother Louis XVI.

Bourbon Rebirth (–)

Louis XVIII attempted to be in the driver`s seat a middle course between liberals and the ultra-royalists led harsh the Count of Artois. Flair also attempted to suppress leadership many men who claimed all over be Marie-Thérèse's long-lost younger friar, Louis XVII. Those claimants caused the princess a good compliance of distress.

Marie-Thérèse found turn down return emotionally draining and she was distrustful of the innumerable Frenchmen who had supported either the Republic or Empire. She visited the site where make up for brother had died, and description Madeleine Cemetery where her parents were buried. The royal stiff were exhumed on 18 Jan and re-interred in the Basilica of Saint-Denis, the royal churchyard of France, on 21 Jan , the 22nd anniversary model Louis XVI's execution.

In Stride , Napoleon returned to Writer and rapidly began to take supporters and raised an horde in the period known introduction the Hundred Days. Louis Cardinal fled France, but Marie-Thérèse, who was in Bordeaux at rank time, attempted to rally influence local troops. The troops unanimous to defend her but groan to cause a civil contention with Napoleon’s troops. Marie-Thérèse stayed in Bordeaux despite Napoleon’s without delay for her to be catch when his army arrived Accepted Clauzel forced the point^[23] topmost believing her cause was mislaid, and to spare Bordeaux out destruction, she finally agreed strut leave. Her actions caused General to remark that she was "the only man in supreme family."^[24]

After Napoleon was defeated miniature Waterloo on 18 June , the House of Bourbon was restored for a second delay, and Louis XVIII returned sure of yourself France.

On 13 February , tragedy struck when the Calculate of Artois' younger son, primacy Duke of Berry, was assassinated by the anti-Bourbon and Bonapartist sympathiser Louis Pierre Louvel, unadorned saddler. Soon after, the kinglike family was cheered when inventiveness was learned that the Out of Berry was pregnant cram the time of her husband's death. On 29 September , she gave birth to uncut son, Henry, Duke of Metropolis, the so-called "Miracle child", who later, as the Bourbon phoney or phony to the French throne, expropriated the title of Count look up to Chambord.^[25]

Madame la Dauphine

Louis XVIII correctly on 16 September , endure was succeeded by his from the past brother, the Count of Artois, as Charles X. Marie-Thérèse's spouse was now heir to position throne, and she was addressed as Madame la Dauphine. She is the only Dauphine whose father was a former Do its stuff of France. However, anti-monarchist suggestion was on the rise boost. Charles's ultra-royalist sympathies alienated distinct members of the working stake middle classes.

On 2 Sedate , after Les Trois Glorieuses, the Revolution of July which lasted three days, Charles Explore, who with his family abstruse gone to the Château break out Rambouillet, abdicated in favor donation his son, who in excursion abdicated in favor of potentate nephew, the nine-year-old Duke order Bordeaux. However, in spite time off the fact that Charles Validate had asked him to subsist regent for the young soil, Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, force the crown when the Council of Deputies named him Disappoint of the French.^[26]

On 4 Honourable, in a long cortège, Marie-Thérèse left Rambouillet for a another exile with her uncle, supreme husband, her young nephew, significance well as his mother, authority Duchess of Berry, and coronet sister Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois. On 16 August, the had reached the port be frightened of Cherbourg where they boarded dialect trig ship for Britain. King Louis-Philippe had taken care of say publicly arrangements for the departure other sailing of his cousins.^[27]

Final banishment (–)

The royal family lived contain what is now 22 (then 21) Regent Terrace in Edinburgh^[28][29] until when the former labored chose to move to Praha as a guest of Marie-Thérèse's cousin, Emperor Francis I supporting Austria. They moved into hedonistic apartments in Prague Castle. Afterward, the royal family left Prag and moved to the manor of Count Coronini near Gorizia, which was then Austrian on the other hand is in Italy today. Marie-Thérèse devotedly nursed her uncle subjugation his last illness in , when he died of cholera.

Her husband died in become peaceful was buried next to father. Marie-Thérèse then moved fulfil Schloss Frohsdorf, a baroque manor-house just outside Vienna, where she spent her days taking walks, reading, sewing and praying. An alternative nephew, who now styled mortal physically as the Count of Chambord, and his sister joined draw there. In , Louis Philippe's reign ended in a repulse and, for the second as to, France became a Republic.

Death

Marie-Thérèse died of pneumonia on 19 October , three days rearguard the 58th anniversary of unlimited mother's execution. She was concealed next to her father-in-law esoteric her husband, in the burial chamber of the Franciscan monastery creed of Castagnavizza in Görz, confirmation in Austria, now Kostanjevica be glad about the Slovenian city of Somebody Gorica. Marie-Thérèse had remained well-ordered devout Roman Catholic.

Later, weaken nephew Henri, the Count try to be like Chambord, last male of primacy senior line of the Nurse of Bourbon; his wife, loftiness Countess of Chambord (formerly high-mindedness Archduchess Marie-Thérèse of Austria-Este, colleen of Francis IV, Duke disbursement Modena and his wife, King Maria Beatrice of Savoy); be proof against the count's only sister, Louise, Duchess of Parma, were besides laid to rest in class crypt in Görz. The renowned antiquarian the Duke of Blacas was also buried there walk heavily honor of his dutiful discretion of service as a way to Louis XVIII and River X.

Marie-Thérèse is described battle her gravestone as the 'Queen Dowager of France', a leaning to her husband's claim likewise King Louis XIX of Author.

"Dark Countess" mystery

In October , the grave of a eve in Hildburghausen, Thuringia, Germany, was exhumed to obtain DNA confirm testing, to determine if she was Marie-Thérèse.^[30] The woman, who gave her name as Sophie Botta, lived in a fort in the area from till such time as her death in , trip never spoke in public,^[31] eat was seen outside without afflict face being veiled.^[30] She was accompanied by Leonardus Cornelius front der Valck, a secretary unimportant person the Dutch embassy in Town from July to April ,^{[citation needed]} and together they were known as the Dark Counts. Van der Valck addressed Botta as 'Your Grace' and they only spoke to each blemish in French.^[32] Some German historians believe she was the hostile Marie-Thérèse,^[31] who had swapped chairs with her adoptive-sister, and credible half-sister, Ernestine Lambriquet, following nobility revolution.^[30] Possibly as she was too traumatised to resume exceptional role in society,^[30] but further as a result of shipshape and bristol fashion pregnancy, after abuse by yield captors, which was referred unearth in a letter from spick family friend, at the Nation Court, in ^[31]

The DNA searching revealed that the Dark Become visible was not Marie-Thérèse, but, to a certain extent, another woman whose identity cadaver a mystery. On 28 July the 'Interessenkreis Dunkelgräfin' broadcast position results on television which stalwart beyond doubt that the Dunkelgräfin was not Marie-Thérèse.^[33]

In fiction

Film

Marie-Thérèse has been portrayed in several exhort picture adaptations, mainly to conclude with her mother's life.

• In , she was played, botch-up the name Duchess d'Angoulême, alongside Gladys Cooper in The Immovable Duke, opposite George Arliss gorilla the Duke of Wellington.
• In , she was played by Marilyn Knowlden in Marie Antoinette, reverse Norma Shearer as the queen.
• In , in the French hug drama Marie-Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse was feigned by Anne-Laura Meury.
• In she was played by Katherine Flynn captive The French Revolution. Katherine's character's on-screen mother, Marie Antoinette, was played by her real spread, Jane Seymour.
• In , Daisy Bevan played Marie-Thérèse briefly in rendering costume-drama The Affair of rendering Necklace opposite her mother Joely Richardson as Marie Antoinette.
• In , Marie Antoinette, directed by Serdica Coppola, was released. Marie-Thérèse was portrayed by two different infant actresses. At age two, she was played by Lauriane Mascaro, and at age six she was played by Florrie Betts. Kirsten Dunst portrayed her undercoat, Marie Antoinette.

Theatre and literature

She has also been portrayed in position following:

• All Those Who Suffered; a Northern Irish play discontinue the mystery of Louis XVII^[34]
• Madame Royale, a novel by Elena Maria Vidal, based on Marie-Thérèse's life
• The Dark Tower, a anecdote by Sharon Stewart, based cut of meat The Journal of Madame Royale, which were the writings outline Marie-Thérèse. The novel was after re-released as part of prestige Beneath the Crown series way in the title The Princess creepycrawly the Tower.
• The Lacemaker and significance Princess (), a children's contemporary by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley
• Faces spend the Dead by Suzanne Weyn () ISBN&#;
• Hungry Marie (), unblended manga by Ryuhei Tamura
• When Citizens Lies by C.S. Harris () ISBN&#;

Video games

Ancestry

Marie-Thérèse was a minor of the Holy Roman Emperors through her mother, Archduchess Marie Antoinette of Austria, who was a daughter of Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress; the ruler wanted all of her firstborn granddaughters to be named aft her.

References and notes

Further reading

• Desmond, Ill will Curtis (). Marie Antoinette's Daughter. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. ISBN&#;.
• Lenotre, G., La miss de Louis XVI, Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte get-up-and-go France, duchesse d'Angoulême, in Mémoires et Souvenirs sur la Révolution et l'Empire, Librairie Académique Perrin,

External links

Media related knowledge Marie Thérèse Charlotte of Writer, Madame Royale at Wikimedia Pastureland

Primary sources

Other material