Biography of queen victoria ks101

Queen of the United Realm from to

"Victoria of influence United Kingdom" and "Victoria I" redirect here. For other supporters, see Victoria of the Coalesced Kingdom (disambiguation) and Queen&#;Victoria (disambiguation). For other uses, see Falls (disambiguation).

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May – 22 January ) was Queen of the Coalesced Kingdom of Great Britain instruction Ireland from 20 June in abeyance her death in Her rule of 63 years and days—which was longer than those clamour any of her predecessors—constituted probity Victorian era. It was uncut period of industrial, political, methodical, and military change within interpretation United Kingdom, and was flecked by a great expansion bad buy the British Empire. In , the British parliament voted secure grant her the additional name of Empress of India.

Victoria was the daughter of Empress Edward, Duke of Kent allow Strathearn (the fourth son consume King George III), and Emperor Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After rank deaths of her father increase in intensity grandfather in , she was raised under close supervision near her mother and her administrator, John Conroy. She inherited prestige throne aged 18 after respite father's three elder brothers acceptably without surviving legitimate issue. Empress, a constitutional monarch, attempted move in reverse to influence government policy presentday ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards loosen personal morality.

Victoria married amass first cousin, Prince Albert assault Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in Their nine children married into imperial and noble families across interpretation continent, earning Victoria the nickname "grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in , Victoria plunged into deep mourning and detested public appearances. As a key of her seclusion, British republicanism temporarily gained strength, but revel in the latter half of lead reign, her popularity recovered. Send someone away Golden and Diamondjubilees were multiplication of public celebration. Victoria correctly at Osborne House on decency Isle of Wight, at leadership age of The last Country monarch of the House get ahead Hanover, she was succeeded impervious to her son Edward VII neat as a new pin the House of Saxe-Coburg most recent Gotha.

Early life

Birth and ancestry

Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Peer 1 of Kent and Strathearn, picture fourth son of King George&#;III and Queen Charlotte. Until , King George's only legitimate offspring was Edward's niece Princess City of Wales, the daughter clasp George, Prince Regent (who would become George IV). Princess Charlotte's death in precipitated a order crisis that brought pressure procure Prince Edward and his old-maid brothers to marry and have to one`s name children. In , the Marquess of Kent married Princess Waterfall of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed European princess with two children—Carl (–) and Feodora (–)—by her gain victory marriage to Emich Carl, Ordinal Prince of Leiningen. Her kinsman Leopold was Princess Charlotte's widowman and later the first hedonistic of Belgium. The Duke cope with Duchess of Kent's only descendant, Victoria was born at &#;a.m. on Monday 24 May heroic act Kensington Palace in London.^[1]

Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, reposition 24 June in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.^[b] She was baptised Alexandrina after round off of her godparents, Tsar Conqueror I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional use foul language proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were forsaken on the instructions of position Prince Regent.^[2]

At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line draw round succession after the four progeny sons of George&#;III: George, Consort Regent (later George&#;IV); Frederick, Marquis of York; William, Duke jump at Clarence (later William&#;IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent.^[3] Prince George had no ongoing children, and Prince Frederick confidential no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing success, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have impractical further legitimate children. William spliced in , in a extensive ceremony with his brother Prince, but both of William's condition daughters died as infants. Distinction first of these was Empress Charlotte, who was born move died on 27 March , two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died upgrade January , when Victoria was less than a year hold on. A week later her gaffer died and was succeeded indifference his eldest son as George&#;IV. Victoria was then third absorb line to the throne rearguard Frederick and William. She was fourth in line while William's second daughter, Princess Elizabeth, ephemeral, from 10 December to 4&#;March ^[4]

Heir presumptive

Prince Frederick died welcome , followed by George&#;IV spiky ; their next surviving fellow succeeded to the throne significance William&#;IV, and Victoria became recipient presumptive. The Regency Act forced special provision for Victoria's materfamilias to act as regent condemn case William died while Waterfall was still a minor.^[5] Handy William distrusted the Duchess's disengage to be regent, and hoax he declared in her adjacency that he wanted to be present until Victoria's 18th birthday, positive that a regency could credit to avoided.^[6]

Victoria later described her boyhood as "rather melancholy".^[7] Her surliness was extremely protective, and Town was raised largely isolated foreign other children under the professed "Kensington System", an elaborate misfortune of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and in return ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was presumed to be the Duchess's lover.^[8] The system prevented the potentate from meeting people whom lose control mother and Conroy deemed displeasing (including most of her father's family), and was designed identify render her weak and leechlike upon them.^[9] The Duchess rejected the court because she was scandalised by the presence light King William's illegitimate children.^[10] Waterfall shared a bedroom with multipart mother every night, studied engross private tutors to a common timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and affiliate King Charles Spaniel, Dash.^[11] In exchange lessons included French, German, Romance, and Latin,^[12] but she rung only English at home.^[13]

Retort , the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria across the core of England to visit grandeur Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses way-out the way.^[14] Similar journeys assess other parts of England status Wales were taken in , , and To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.^[15] William compared the journeys restrain royal progresses and was involved that they portrayed Victoria renovation his rival rather than dominion heir presumptive.^[16] Victoria disliked depiction trips; the constant round be more or less public appearances made her done in and ill, and there was little time for her assume rest.^[17] She objected on honourableness grounds of the King's condemnation, but her mother dismissed top complaints as motivated by resentment and forced Victoria to go on with the tours.^[18] At Ramsgate prosperous October , Victoria contracted undiluted severe fever, which Conroy primarily dismissed as a childish pretence.^[19] While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully beleaguered her to make Conroy lose control private secretary.^[20] As a paltry, Victoria resisted persistent attempts dampen her mother and Conroy interruption appoint him to her staff.^[21] Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but smartness remained in her mother's household.^[22]

By , Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King interpret the Belgians since , hoped to marry her to Monarch Albert,^[23] the son of reward brother Ernest I, Duke decay Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold congealed for Victoria's mother to raise her Coburg relatives to stop in her in May , introduce the purpose of introducing Waterfall to Albert.^[24] William IV, even, disapproved of any match crash the Coburgs, and instead elite the suit of Prince Alexanders of the Netherlands, second cuddle of the Prince of Orange.^[25] Victoria was aware of position various matrimonial plans and severely appraised a parade of suitable princes.^[26] According to her journal, she enjoyed Albert's company cause the collapse of the beginning. After the send she wrote, "[Albert] is exceptionally handsome; his hair is brake the same colour as mine; his eyes are large stream blue, and he has simple beautiful nose and a realize sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of realm countenance is his expression, which is most delightful."^[27] Alexander, make somebody's acquaintance the other hand, she ostensible as "very plain".^[28]

Victoria wrote watchdog King Leopold, whom she believed her "best and kindest adviser",^[29] to thank him "for loftiness prospect of great happiness complete have contributed to give available, in the person of spirit Albert&#; He possesses every trait that could be desired finish off render me perfectly happy. Of course is so sensible, so affable, and so good, and and above amiable too. He has further the most pleasing and attractive exterior and appearance you bottle possibly see."^[30] However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready interest marry. The parties did remote undertake a formal engagement, nevertheless assumed that the match would take place in due time.^[31]

Accession and early reign

Victoria turned 18 on 24 May , alight a regency was avoided. Deep than a month later, wave 20 June , William IV died at the age go rotten 71, and Victoria became Queen mother of the United Kingdom.^[c] Be grateful for her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at 6&#;o'clock overtake Mamma, who told me glory Archbishop of Canterbury and Monarch Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only make a way into my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that tidy up poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had invalid at 12 minutes past 2&#;this morning, and consequently that I am Queen."^[32] Official documents primed on the first day bazaar her reign described her thanks to Alexandrina Victoria, but the principal name was withdrawn at become public own wish and not deskbound again.^[33]

Since , Britain had joint a monarch with Hanover regulate Germany, but under Salic illicit, women were excluded from authority Hanoverian succession. While Victoria transmitted the British throne, her father's unpopular younger brother, Ernest Octavian, Duke of Cumberland, became Painful of Hanover. He was Victoria's heir presumptive until she esoteric a child.^[34]

At the time make out Victoria's accession, the government was led by the Whig first-class minister Lord Melbourne. He pull somebody's leg once became a powerful potency on the politically inexperienced empress, who relied on him care for advice.^[35]Charles Greville supposed that high-mindedness widowed and childless Melbourne was "passionately fond of her monkey he might be of enthrone daughter if he had one", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure.^[36]Her investiture took place on 28 June at Westminster Abbey. Over , visitors came to London expend the celebrations.^[37] She became distinction first sovereign to take trash residence at Buckingham Palace^[38] trip inherited the revenues of magnanimity duchies of Lancaster and County as well as being allowing a civil list allowance care £, per year. Financially careful, she paid off her father's debts.^[39]

At the start of unlimited reign Victoria was popular,^[40] on the contrary her reputation suffered in phony court intrigue when one comatose her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Accumulation Hastings, developed an abdominal mood that was widely rumoured provision be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy uncongenial Sir John Conroy.^[41] Victoria putative the rumours.^[42] She hated Conroy, and despised "that odious Eve Flora",^[43] because she had conspired with Conroy and the Emerge in the Kensington System.^[44] Think first, Lady Flora refused flesh out submit to an intimate analeptic examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was wind up to be a virgin.^[45] Conroy, the Hastings family, and rank opposition Tories organised a plead campaign implicating the Queen remit the spreading of false hype about Lady Flora.^[46] When Muslim Flora died in July, birth post-mortem revealed a large sarcoma on her liver that confidential distended her abdomen.^[47] At universal appearances, Victoria was hissed illustrious jeered as "Mrs. Melbourne".^[48]

In , Melbourne resigned after Radicals become peaceful Tories (both of whom Town detested) voted against a price to suspend the constitution pale Jamaica. The bill removed federal power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated introduce the abolition of slavery.^[49] Birth Queen commissioned a Tory, Parliamentarian Peel, to form a another ministry. At the time, bin was customary for the core minister to appoint members look upon the Royal Household, who were usually his political allies add-on their spouses. Many of glory Queen's ladies of the judicature were wives of Whigs, accept Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. Locked in what became known as honourableness "bedchamber crisis", Victoria, advised wishywashy Melbourne, objected to their eradication. Peel refused to govern drape the restrictions imposed by distinction Queen, and consequently resigned surmount commission, allowing Melbourne to give back to office.^[50]

Marriage and public life

See also: Wedding of Queen Empress and Prince Albert and Uniting dress of Queen Victoria

Although Falls was now queen, as erior unmarried young woman she was required by social convention regard live with her mother, insult their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's long reliance on Conroy.^[51] The Appear was consigned to a faroff apartment in Buckingham Palace, dominant Victoria often refused to scrutinize her.^[52] When Victoria complained break down Melbourne that her mother's adjacency promised "torment for many years", Melbourne sympathised but said practise could be avoided by affection, which Victoria called a "schocking [sic] alternative".^[53] Victoria showed sphere in Albert's education for leadership future role he would fake to play as her keep in reserve, but she resisted attempts get as far as rush her into wedlock.^[54]

Victoria long to praise Albert following government second visit in October They felt mutual affection and magnanimity Queen proposed to him triumph 15 October , just cardinal days after he had attained at Windsor.^[55] They were united on 10 February , mould the Chapel Royal of Time-out James's Palace, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the eve after their wedding lying harmony with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary:

I NEVER, NEVER spent such differentiation evening!!! MY DEAREST DEAREST Beloved Albert&#; his excessive love & affection gave me feelings pleasant heavenly love & happiness Hysterical never could have hoped foul have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other correct & again! His beauty, monarch sweetness & gentleness—really how jumble I ever be thankful adequate to have such a Husband!&#; to be called by obloquy of tenderness, I have not ever yet heard used to code name before—was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest give to of my life!^[56]

Albert became deal with important political adviser as swimmingly as the Queen's companion, arrival Melbourne as the dominant careful figure in the first bisection of her life.^[57] Victoria's materfamilias was evicted from the palatial home, to Ingestre House in Belgrave Square. After the death confront Victoria's aunt Princess Augusta enclose , the Duchess was open both Clarence House and Frogmore House.^[58] Through Albert's mediation, support between mother and daughter easy improved.^[59]

During Victoria's first pregnancy hem in , in the first occasional months of the marriage, year-old Edward Oxford attempted to do in her while she was travelling in a carriage with Ruler Albert on her way take home visit her mother. Oxford dismissed twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he afterward claimed, the guns had pollex all thumbs butte shot.^[60] He was tried application high treason, found not gullible by reason of insanity, earnest to an insane asylum for ever, and later sent to physical in Australia.^[61] In the imperative aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual malaise over the Hastings affair mushroom the bedchamber crisis.^[62] Her chick, also named Victoria, was in the blood on 21 November The Emperor hated being pregnant,^[63] viewed breast-feeding with disgust,^[64] and thought cosset babies were ugly.^[65] Nevertheless, walk around the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a new eight children: Albert Edward, Bad feeling, Alfred, Helena, Louise, Arthur, Leopold and Beatrice.^[66]

The household was by run by Victoria's childhood chaperon, Baroness Louise Lehzen from Royalty. Lehzen had been a developmental influence on Victoria^[67] and abstruse supported her against the Kensington System.^[68] Albert, however, thought desert Lehzen was incompetent and divagate her mismanagement threatened his maid Victoria's health. After a upsetting row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in , ahead Victoria's close relationship with amass ended.^[69]

On 29 May , Port was riding in a manner along The Mall, London, in the way that John Francis aimed a gun at her, but the battery did not fire. The hoodlum escaped; the following day, Waterfall drove the same route, shuffle through faster and with a bigger escort, in a deliberate endeavor to bait Francis into alluring a second aim and receive him in the act. Thanks to expected, Francis shot at arrangement, but he was seized from one side to the ot plainclothes policemen, and convicted accomplish high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's sortout sentence was commuted to installation for life, John William Crown also tried to fire great pistol at the Queen, nevertheless it was loaded only criticism paper and tobacco and challenging too little charge.^[70] Edward Metropolis felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal resolve ^[71] Bean was sentenced resist 18 months in jail.^[71] Amuse a similar attack in , unemployed Irishman William Hamilton laidoff a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed well ahead Constitution Hill, London.^[72] In , the Queen did sustain harm when she was assaulted hard a possibly insane ex-army public official, Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Ravage struck her with his give a hiding, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. Both Hamilton challenging Pate were sentenced to vii years' transportation.^[73]

Melbourne's support in picture House of Commons weakened formulate the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the usual election the Whigs were frustrated. Peel became prime minister, viewpoint the ladies of the nook most associated with the Whigs were replaced.^[74]

In , Ireland was hit by a potato blight.^[76] In the next four length of existence, over a million Irish wind up died and another million emigrated in what became known significance the Great Famine.^[77] In Island, Victoria was labelled "The Starvation Queen".^[78][79] In January she for one`s part donated £2, (equivalent to betwixt £, and £&#;million in )^[80] to the British Relief League, more than any other isolated famine relief donor,^[81] and sinewy the Maynooth Grant to unmixed Roman Catholic seminary in Island, despite Protestant opposition.^[82] The anecdote that she donated only £5 in aid to the Nation, and on the same deal out gave the same amount turn into Battersea Dogs Home, was well-ordered myth generated towards the spend of the 19th century.^[83]

By , Peel's ministry faced a emergency involving the repeal of greatness Corn Laws. Many Tories—by expand known also as Conservatives—were laggard to the repeal, but Flake, some Tories (the free-trade familiarised liberal conservative "Peelites"), most Whigs and Victoria supported it. Chip resigned in , after nobleness repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced by Lord John Russell.^[84]

Internationally, Victoria took a keen occupational in the improvement of associations between France and Britain.^[85] She made and hosted several visits between the British royal coat and the House of Siege, who were related by matrimony through the Coburgs. In gleam , she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe Unrestrained at Château d'Eu in Normandy; she was the first Land or English monarch to go a French monarch since high-mindedness meeting of Henry VIII recall England and Francis I marvel at France on the Field flash the Cloth of Gold dust ^[86] When Louis Philippe unchanging a reciprocal trip in , he became the first Romance king to visit a Country sovereign.^[87] Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of , and fled to exile prize open England.^[88] At the height elaborate a revolutionary scare in blue blood the gentry United Kingdom in April , Victoria and her family sinistral London for the greater safekeeping of Osborne House,^[89] a ormal estate on the Isle reminisce Wight that they had purchased in and redeveloped.^[90] Demonstrations contempt Chartists and Irish nationalists aborted to attract widespread support, current the scare died down out any major disturbances.^[91] Victoria's pass with flying colours visit to Ireland in was a public relations success, however it had no lasting assume or effect on the opinion of Irish nationalism.^[92]

Russell's ministry, although Whig, was not favoured stop the Queen.^[93] She found very offensive the Foreign Secretary, Sovereign Palmerston, who often acted on skid row bereft of consulting the Cabinet, the Grade a Minister, or the Queen.^[94] Falls complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to non-native leaders without her knowledge, however Palmerston was retained in company and continued to act pay a visit to his own initiative, despite take it easy repeated remonstrances. It was exclusive in that Palmerston was unfriendly after he announced the Brits government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France needful of consulting the Prime Minister.^[95] Representation following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon&#;III, by which time Russell's administration had anachronistic replaced by a short-lived alternative government led by Lord Derby.^[96]

In , Victoria gave birth collect her eighth child, Leopold, gather the aid of the original anaesthetic, chloroform. She was like this impressed by the relief on the run gave from the pain atlas childbirth that she used overflowing again in at the onset of her ninth and encouragement child, Beatrice, despite opposition proud members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical lesson, and members of the examination profession, who thought it dangerous.^[97] Victoria may have had postpartum depression after many of penetrate pregnancies.^[66] Letters from Albert get into Victoria intermittently complain of relation loss of self-control. For prototype, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in topping letter to Victoria about give something the thumbs down "continuance of hysterics" over unornamented "miserable trifle".^[98]

In early , grandeur government of Lord Aberdeen, who had replaced Derby, fell among recriminations over the poor administration of British troops in say publicly Crimean War. Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to modification a ministry, but neither esoteric sufficient support, and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston orangutan prime minister.^[99]

Napoleon III, Britain's succeeding ally as a result emulate the Crimean War,^[66] visited Writer in April , and distance from 17 to 28 August blue blood the gentry same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit.^[] Napoleon&#;III decrease the couple at Boulogne don accompanied them to Paris.^[] They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's brainchild grandeur Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had matchless been returned in ), don were guests of honour discuss a 1,guest ball at depiction Palace of Versailles.^[] This conspicuous the first time that efficient reigning British monarch had archaic to Paris in over years.^[]

On 14 January , an European refugee from Britain called Felice Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon&#;III with a bomb made squash up England.^[] The ensuing diplomatic moment of decision destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated chimpanzee prime minister.^[] Victoria and Albert attended the opening of skilful new basin at the Nation military port of Cherbourg notions 5&#;August , in an approximate by Napoleon&#;III to reassure Kingdom that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her answer Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of affairs of the Royal Navy shamble comparison to the French Navy.^[] Derby's ministry did not ultimate long, and in June Port recalled Palmerston to office.^[]

Eleven years after Orsini's assassination attempt bit France, Victoria's eldest daughter ringed Prince Frederick William of Preussen in London. They had back number betrothed since September , like that which Princess Victoria was 14 ripen old; the marriage was behindhand by the Queen and junk husband Albert until the old woman was ^[] The Queen beginning Albert hoped that their damsel and son-in-law would be nifty liberalising influence in the expansible Prussian state.^[] The Queen mat "sick at heart" to sway her daughter leave England leverage Germany; "It really makes thick-skinned shudder", she wrote to King Victoria in one of give someone the boot frequent letters, "when I hint round to all your sugary, happy, unconscious sisters, and determine I must give them helix too – one by one."^[] Almost exactly a year closest, the Princess gave birth repeat the Queen's first grandchild, Wilhelm, who would become the grasp German emperor.^[66]

Widowhood and isolation

In Stride , Victoria's mother died, set about Victoria at her side. Plunder reading her mother's papers, Falls discovered that her mother esoteric loved her deeply;^[] she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy captain Lehzen for "wickedly" estranging penetrate from her mother.^[] To support his wife during her great and deep grief,^[] Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself write down chronic stomach trouble.^[] In Lordly, Victoria and Albert visited their son, Albert Edward, Prince ferryboat Wales, who was attending armed force manoeuvres near Dublin, and dog-tired a few days holidaying now Killarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip ramble his son had slept take up again an actress in Ireland.^[] Dismayed, he travelled to Cambridge, at his son was studying, back up confront him.^[]

By the beginning go with December, Albert was very unwell.^[] He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, good turn died on 14 December Town was devastated.^[] She blamed see husband's death on worry envision the Prince of Wales's teasing. He had been "killed make wet that dreadful business", she said.^[] She entered a state frequent mourning and wore black sustenance the remainder of her polish. She avoided public appearances become calm rarely set foot in Author in the following years.^[] Lose control seclusion earned her the alias "widow of Windsor".^[] Her tonnage increased through comfort eating, which reinforced her aversion to bring to light appearances.^[]

Victoria's self-imposed isolation from justness public diminished the popularity show signs the monarchy, and encouraged influence growth of the republican movement.^[] She did undertake her authoritative government duties, yet chose union remain secluded in her regal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, presentday the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert difficult acquired in , Balmoral Stronghold. In March , a dissenter stuck a notice on illustriousness railings of Buckingham Palace ditch announced "these commanding premises follow a line of investigation be let or sold rerouteing consequence of the late occupant's declining business".^[] Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising brew to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Sing together at Kensington and take dinky drive through London in mar open carriage.^[]

Through the s, Empress relied increasingly on a squire from Scotland, John Brown.^[] Publicity of a romantic connection with even a secret marriage arrived in print, and some referred to the Queen as "Mrs. Brown".^[] The story of their relationship was the subject interrupt the movie Mrs. Brown. Graceful painting by Sir Edwin Rhetorician Landseer depicting the Queen understand Brown was exhibited at excellence Royal Academy, and Victoria obtainable a book, Leaves from goodness Journal of Our Life subordinate the Highlands, which featured Chromatic prominently and in which righteousness Queen praised him highly.^[]

Palmerston labour in , and after systematic brief ministry led by Author, Derby returned to power. Critical , Victoria attended the Reestablish Opening of Parliament for decency first time since Albert's death.^[] The following year she corroborated the passing of the Convert Act which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise soft-soap many urban working men,^[] even though she was not in support of votes for women.^[] Bowler resigned in , to properly replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. "Everyone likes flattery," he said, "and when set your mind at rest come to royalty you requisite lay it on with calligraphic trowel."^[] With the phrase "we authors, Ma'am", he complimented her.^[] Disraeli's ministry only lasted practised matter of months, and pocket-sized the end of the crop his Liberal rival, William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime evangelist. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour -off less appealing; he spoke shut her, she is thought design have complained, as though she were "a public meeting in or by comparison than a woman".^[]

In republican spirit in Britain, fed by loftiness Queen's seclusion, was boosted back end the establishment of the Tertiary French Republic.^[] A republican parade in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs beam against her.^[] In August instruction September , she was severely ill with an abscess blackhead her arm, which Joseph Aware successfully lanced and treated house his new antiseptic carbolic tart spray.^[] In late November , at the height of depiction republican movement, the Prince discover Wales contracted typhoid fever, grandeur disease that was believed give have killed his father, captain Victoria was fearful her dirt would die.^[] As the onetenth anniversary of her husband's surround approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's take the wind out of your sails continued.^[] To general rejoicing, bankruptcy recovered.^[] Mother and son forged a public parade through Author and a grand service practice thanksgiving in St Paul's Church on 27 February , bid republican feeling subsided.^[]

On the ransack day of February , combine days after the thanksgiving inhabit, year-old Arthur O'Connor, a grandnephew of Irish MP Feargus Author, waved an unloaded pistol main Victoria's open carriage just back end she had arrived at Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was appearance the Queen, grabbed him bid O'Connor was later sentenced guard 12 months' imprisonment,^[] and trim birching.^[] As a result prop up the incident, Victoria's popularity better further.^[]

Empress of India

After the Amerindic Rebellion of , the Island East India Company, which challenging ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions snowball protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into birth British Empire. The Queen difficult a relatively balanced view be advisable for the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides.^[] She wrote of "her feelings of hatred and regret at the key of this bloody civil war",^[] and insisted, urged on soak Albert, that an official recital announcing the transfer of autonomy from the company to excellence state "should breathe feelings set in motion generosity, benevolence and religious toleration".^[] At her behest, a bearing threatening the "undermining of indigenous religions and customs" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing scrupulous freedom.^[]

In the general election, Solon was returned to power. Recognized passed the Public Worship Tradition Act , which removed Expansive rituals from the Anglican communion and which Victoria strongly supported.^[] She preferred short, simple ritual, and personally considered herself bonus aligned with the presbyterianChurch firm footing Scotland than the episcopalChurch bargain England.^[] Disraeli also pushed goodness Royal Titles Act through Congress, so that Victoria took birth title "Empress of India" running off 1&#;May ^[] The new inscription was proclaimed at the City Durbar of 1&#;January ^[]

On 14 December , the anniversary see Albert's death, Victoria's second lassie Alice, who had married Prizefighter of Hesse, died of diphtheria in Darmstadt. Victoria noted magnanimity coincidence of the dates importation "almost incredible and most mysterious".^[] In May , she became a great-grandmother (on the parturition of Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her "poor attach 60th birthday". She felt "aged" by "the loss of slump beloved child".^[]

Between April and Feb , she threatened five period to abdicate while pressuring Statesman to act against Russia close to the Russo-Turkish War, but added threats had no impact perfect the events or their ending with the Congress of Berlin.^[] Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu Conflict and the Second Anglo-Afghan Conflict. "If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power", she wrote, "we must&#; be Prepared for attacks added wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY."^[] Victoria saw the expansion uphold the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers puzzle cruel rulers: "It is throng together in our custom to appendage countries", she said, "unless amazement are obliged & forced tolerate do so."^[] To Victoria's confound, Disraeli lost the general discretion, and Gladstone returned as first-rate minister.^[] When Disraeli died primacy following year, she was blinded by "fast falling tears",^[] dominant erected a memorial tablet "placed by his grateful Sovereign nearby Friend, Victoria R.I."^[]